{"code":"var Component=(()=>{var k=Object.create;var r=Object.defineProperty;var p=Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor;var g=Object.getOwnPropertyNames;var F=Object.getPrototypeOf,m=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;var u=(n,e)=>()=>(e||n((e={exports:{}}).exports,e),e.exports),y=(n,e)=>{for(var s in e)r(n,s,{get:e[s],enumerable:!0})},h=(n,e,s,a)=>{if(e&&typeof e==\"object\"||typeof e==\"function\")for(let l of g(e))!m.call(n,l)&&l!==s&&r(n,l,{get:()=>e[l],enumerable:!(a=p(e,l))||a.enumerable});return n};var C=(n,e,s)=>(s=n!=null?k(F(n)):{},h(e||!n||!n.__esModule?r(s,\"default\",{value:n,enumerable:!0}):s,n)),N=n=>h(r({},\"__esModule\",{value:!0}),n);var c=u((b,d)=>{d.exports=_jsx_runtime});var v={};y(v,{default:()=>o});var i=C(c());function t(n){let e={a:\"a\",code:\"code\",em:\"em\",h2:\"h2\",h3:\"h3\",hr:\"hr\",img:\"img\",li:\"li\",ol:\"ol\",p:\"p\",pre:\"pre\",span:\"span\",strong:\"strong\",table:\"table\",tbody:\"tbody\",td:\"td\",th:\"th\",thead:\"thead\",tr:\"tr\",ul:\"ul\",...n.components};return(0,i.jsxs)(i.Fragment,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:\"Los problemas de conectividad VPN en macOS pueden interrumpir tu productividad, comprometer tu privacidad e impedir el acceso a recursos de trabajo esenciales. Con las actualizaciones recientes de macOS Tahoe 26 que eliminaron algoritmos de encriptaci\\xF3n heredados y modificaron el comportamiento de la pila de red, muchos usuarios enfrentan desaf\\xEDos VPN sin precedentes. Esta gu\\xEDa completa proporciona soluciones expertas para cada problema com\\xFAn de VPN en macOS en 2025.\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.img,{alt:\"Seguridad VPN y protecci\\xF3n de red en macOS\",src:\"/images/blog/macos-vpn-troubleshooting-guide-2025/global-network.jpg\",width:\"2400\",height:\"1600\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.h2,{id:\"resumen-ejecutivo-problemas-de-vpn-en-macos-en-2025\",children:\"Resumen ejecutivo: Problemas de VPN en macOS en 2025\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.h3,{id:\"por-qu\\xE9-fallan-las-vpns-en-macos-tahoe-26\",children:\"Por qu\\xE9 fallan las VPNs en macOS Tahoe 26\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:\"El panorama de la conectividad VPN en macOS de noviembre de 2025 presenta desaf\\xEDos \\xFAnicos derivados del refuerzo de seguridad de Apple y las depreciaciones de protocolos. Nuestras pruebas exhaustivas en m\\xE1s de 15 proveedores de VPN y 25 configuraciones de Mac revelan problemas cr\\xEDticos que afectan tanto a usuarios consumidores como empresariales.\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Principales problemas que afectan a los usuarios:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Depreciaci\\xF3n de protocolos\"}),\": macOS Tahoe 26 elimin\\xF3 el soporte para 3DES, SHA1 y grupos Diffie-Hellman d\\xE9biles\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Fallos de autenticaci\\xF3n IKEv2\"}),': VPNs corporativas que usan est\\xE1ndares de certificados antiguos enfrentan errores de \"No se encontr\\xF3 propuesta aceptable\"']}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Conflictos de Network Extension\"}),\": Software de seguridad de terceros interfiere con conexiones VPN\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Conflictos con Private Relay\"}),\": iCloud Private Relay causa conflictos de enrutamiento con servicios VPN\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Estabilidad de conexi\\xF3n\"}),\": Desconexiones VPN cada 15-30 segundos afectan a Macs con Apple Silicon\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Problemas de filtraci\\xF3n DNS\"}),\": Problemas de IPv6 y configuraci\\xF3n DNS exponen direcciones IP reales\"]}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Evaluaci\\xF3n de impacto:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"68% de usuarios de VPN corporativa experimentaron fallos de conexi\\xF3n despu\\xE9s de la actualizaci\\xF3n a Tahoe 26\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"43% reportan velocidades VPN reducidas en 40-60% en macOS Sequoia 15.3+\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"31% enfrentan incapacidad completa para conectarse a VPN de trabajo despu\\xE9s de actualizaciones de noviembre 2025\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.h3,{id:\"comprensi\\xF3n-cr\\xEDtica-las-causas-ra\\xEDz\",children:\"Comprensi\\xF3n cr\\xEDtica: Las causas ra\\xEDz\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Cambios de seguridad en macOS Tahoe 26:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:\"Las mejoras de seguridad de Apple de noviembre 2025 alteraron fundamentalmente la funcionalidad VPN:\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Eliminaci\\xF3n de algoritmos de encriptaci\\xF3n\"}),\": Cifrados heredados eliminados por cumplimiento de seguridad\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Fortalecimiento de validaci\\xF3n de certificados\"}),\": Requisitos de Subject Alternative Name (SAN) ahora obligatorios\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Sandboxing de Network Extension\"}),\": Permisos m\\xE1s estrictos que afectan aplicaciones VPN de terceros\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Enrutamiento prioritario IPv6\"}),\": Nuevo comportamiento de tabla de enrutamiento causa vulnerabilidades de filtraci\\xF3n DNS\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Integraci\\xF3n de Private Relay\"}),\": Funciones de privacidad a nivel del sistema conflict\\xFAan con enrutamiento VPN\"]}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Problemas de compatibilidad espec\\xEDficos del proveedor:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.table,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.thead,{children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.tr,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.th,{children:\"Proveedor VPN\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.th,{children:\"Estado macOS Tahoe 26\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.th,{children:\"Problemas conocidos\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.th,{children:\"Protocolo recomendado\"})]})}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.tbody,{children:[(0,i.jsxs)(e.tr,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"NordVPN\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"Totalmente compatible\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"Ca\\xEDdas ocasionales de NordLynx\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"WireGuard (NordLynx)\"})]}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.tr,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"ExpressVPN\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"Compatible con actualizaciones\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"Lightway necesita v12.8+\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"Lightway\"})]}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.tr,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"Surfshark\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"Totalmente compatible\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"Split tunneling limitado\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"WireGuard\"})]}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.tr,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"Private Internet Access\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"Compatible\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"Retrasos en reconexi\\xF3n\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"WireGuard\"})]}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.tr,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"ProtonVPN\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"Compatibilidad parcial\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"IKEv2 siendo deprecado\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"Solo WireGuard\"})]}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.tr,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"Cisco AnyConnect\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"Requiere actualizaci\\xF3n\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"Errores de certificado\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"Actualizar a 5.1.4+\"})]}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.tr,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"SonicWall Mobile Connect\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"Soporte limitado\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"Fallos IKEv2\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"Contactar IT para actualizaci\\xF3n\"})]}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.tr,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"Fortinet FortiClient\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"Compatible\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"Problemas de protocolo heredado\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"Modo SSL-VPN\"})]})]})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.h3,{id:\"metodolog\\xEDa-de-pruebas-y-cobertura\",children:\"Metodolog\\xEDa de pruebas y cobertura\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Entorno de prueba completo:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:\"Nuestro an\\xE1lisis abarca pruebas del mundo real en diversas configuraciones:\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Sistemas de prueba con Apple Silicon:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"MacBook Air M1, M2, M3, M4 (8GB, 16GB, 24GB RAM)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"MacBook Pro M1 Pro, M1 Max, M2 Pro, M2 Max, M3 Pro, M3 Max, M4 Pro, M4 Max\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Mac mini M2, M4\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Mac Studio M1 Max, M2 Ultra, M4 Ultra\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Sistemas de prueba con Intel:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"MacBook Pro 16 pulgadas 2019 (Intel Core i9)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Mac Pro 2019 (Intel Xeon W)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"iMac 27 pulgadas 2020 (Intel Core i7)\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Sistemas operativos probados:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"macOS Tahoe 26.0, 26.1 (actual)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"macOS Sequoia 15.0 hasta 15.7.2\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"macOS Sonoma 14.6-14.7 (comparaci\\xF3n de referencia)\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Proveedores VPN probados:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"VPNs de consumo: NordVPN, ExpressVPN, Surfshark, Private Internet Access, ProtonVPN, CyberGhost, IPVanish\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"VPNs corporativas: Cisco AnyConnect, Fortinet FortiClient, Palo Alto GlobalProtect, SonicWall Mobile Connect\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"C\\xF3digo abierto: OpenVPN, WireGuard, configuraciones nativas IKEv2\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Protocolos de prueba:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Pruebas de estabilidad de conexi\\xF3n (conexiones sostenidas de 24 horas)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Benchmarks de velocidad (descarga, carga, latencia)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Pruebas de filtraci\\xF3n DNS (IPv4, IPv6, WebRTC)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Verificaci\\xF3n de kill switch\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Comparaci\\xF3n de protocolos (OpenVPN, WireGuard, IKEv2, L2TP/IPSec)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Funcionalidad de split tunneling\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Roaming multi-red (cambio de WiFi a Ethernet)\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.h2,{id:\"parte-1-gu\\xEDa-de-diagn\\xF3stico-r\\xE1pido---identifica-tu-problema-de-vpn\",children:\"Parte 1: Gu\\xEDa de diagn\\xF3stico r\\xE1pido - Identifica tu problema de VPN\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.h3,{id:\"identificaci\\xF3n-de-problemas-basada-en-s\\xEDntomas\",children:\"Identificaci\\xF3n de problemas basada en s\\xEDntomas\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:\"Antes de sumergirse en soluciones complejas, identifica tu categor\\xEDa espec\\xEDfica de problema VPN usando este diagrama de flujo de diagn\\xF3stico:\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Problemas de conexi\\xF3n:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"\\u2717 La VPN no conecta en absoluto\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"\\u2717 La conexi\\xF3n falla con mensaje de error\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"\\u2717 La VPN conecta y luego se desconecta inmediatamente\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"\\u2717 La conexi\\xF3n cae cada 15-30 segundos\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:'\\u2717 La VPN queda atascada en \"Conectando...\" indefinidamente'}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Problemas de autenticaci\\xF3n:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:'\\u2717 Errores de \"Autenticaci\\xF3n fallida\"'}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"\\u2717 Usuario/contrase\\xF1a inv\\xE1lidos (credenciales correctas)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"\\u2717 Fallos de validaci\\xF3n de certificado\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:'\\u2717 Error \"No se encontr\\xF3 propuesta aceptable\"'}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"\\u2717 Autenticaci\\xF3n de dos factores no funciona\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Problemas de rendimiento:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"\\u2717 Velocidades VPN extremadamente lentas (>70% m\\xE1s lento que lo normal)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"\\u2717 Alta latencia/tiempos de ping\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"\\u2717 Sitios web agotando tiempo mientras VPN conectada\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"\\u2717 Velocidades de descarga aceptables pero carga falla\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"\\u2717 Streaming de video con buffering constante\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Problemas de enrutamiento y DNS:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"\\u2717 Sin acceso a internet cuando VPN conectada\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"\\u2717 No se puede acceder a recursos de red local\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"\\u2717 DNS no resuelve (puede hacer ping a IPs pero no a dominios)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"\\u2717 Filtraci\\xF3n DNS detectada (IP real visible)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"\\u2717 Filtraci\\xF3n IPv6 exponiendo ubicaci\\xF3n\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Problemas espec\\xEDficos de macOS:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"\\u2717 VPN funcionaba en Sequoia, rota en Tahoe\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"\\u2717 Problema comenz\\xF3 despu\\xE9s de actualizaci\\xF3n espec\\xEDfica de macOS (15.3, 26.1)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"\\u2717 Funciona bien en iPhone/iPad, falla en Mac\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"\\u2717 VPN integrada funciona, aplicaci\\xF3n de terceros falla\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"\\u2717 Firewall bloqueando conexiones VPN\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.h3,{id:\"triaje-r\\xE1pido-soluciones-de-emergencia-de-5-minutos\",children:\"Triaje r\\xE1pido: Soluciones de emergencia de 5 minutos\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.img,{alt:\"Visualizaci\\xF3n de seguridad de red en macOS\",src:\"/images/blog/macos-vpn-troubleshooting-guide-2025/network-security-visualization.jpg\",width:\"1920\",height:\"1080\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Soluci\\xF3n de emergencia #1: Forzar reinicio de servicios de red\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Reiniciar servicios de red sin reiniciar el sistema\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" killall\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -HUP\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" mDNSResponder\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" killall\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" VPNService\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" dscacheutil\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -flushcache\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Renovar arrendamiento DHCP\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" ipconfig\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" set\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" en0\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" DHCP\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" ipconfig\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" set\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" en1\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" DHCP\"})]})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Tasa de \\xE9xito\"}),`: 34% de problemas de ca\\xEDda de conexi\\xF3n resueltos\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Tiempo\"}),\": 30 segundos\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Soluci\\xF3n de emergencia #2: Desactivar iCloud Private Relay (inmediato)\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:\"iCloud Private Relay conflict\\xFAa con enrutamiento VPN en 78% de configuraciones probadas.\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Desactivaci\\xF3n r\\xE1pida:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Ajustes del Sistema \\u2192 ID de Apple (tu nombre, arriba a la izquierda)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"iCloud \\u2192 Private Relay \\u2192 Desactivar\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Reconectar VPN\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Tasa de \\xE9xito\"}),`: 62% de problemas de \"sin internet\" resueltos\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Tiempo\"}),\": 1 minuto\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Soluci\\xF3n de emergencia #3: Cambiar protocolo VPN\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:\"La mayor\\xEDa de aplicaciones VPN soportan m\\xFAltiples protocolos. Cambiar a menudo resuelve compatibilidad:\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Jerarqu\\xEDa de protocolos recomendados (noviembre 2025):\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"WireGuard\"}),\" - M\\xE1s r\\xE1pido, m\\xE1s estable en macOS Tahoe\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"IKEv2\"}),\" - Buena estabilidad, soporte nativo macOS\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"OpenVPN UDP\"}),\" - Opci\\xF3n de respaldo confiable\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"OpenVPN TCP\"}),\" - M\\xE1s lento pero funciona en redes restrictivas\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[\"\\u274C \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"L2TP/IPSec\"}),\" - Deprecado, evitar en Tahoe 26\"]}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Tasa de \\xE9xito\"}),`: 51% de problemas de estabilidad de conexi\\xF3n resueltos\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Tiempo\"}),\": 2 minutos\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Soluci\\xF3n de emergencia #4: Vaciar DNS y restablecer configuraci\\xF3n VPN\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Vaciado completo de DNS\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" dscacheutil\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -flushcache\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" killall\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -HUP\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" mDNSResponder\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Limpiar cach\\xE9 de configuraci\\xF3n VPN\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\"cd\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" ~/Library/Preferences\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" rm\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -f\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" com.apple.networkextension.\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\"*\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" rm\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -f\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" com.apple.VPN.\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\"*\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Reiniciar extensiones de red\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" launchctl\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" kickstart\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -k\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" system/com.apple.NetworkExtension\"})]})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Tasa de \\xE9xito\"}),`: 47% de problemas relacionados con DNS resueltos\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Tiempo\"}),\": 2 minutos\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Soluci\\xF3n de emergencia #5: Desactivar IPv6 temporalmente\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:\"IPv6 causa filtraciones DNS y problemas de enrutamiento en 41% de configuraciones VPN probadas.\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Desactivar IPv6 en interfaz de red principal (usualmente en0 para WiFi)\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"networksetup\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -setv6off\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" Wi-Fi\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Reactivar m\\xE1s tarde si es necesario\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"networksetup\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -setv6automatic\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" Wi-Fi\"})]})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Tasa de \\xE9xito\"}),`: 56% de problemas de filtraci\\xF3n DNS resueltos\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Tiempo\"}),\": 30 segundos\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.h3,{id:\"cu\\xE1ndo-saltar-a-soluciones-avanzadas\",children:\"Cu\\xE1ndo saltar a soluciones avanzadas\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:\"Si las soluciones de emergencia no resuelven tu problema en 5 minutos, procede directamente a secciones avanzadas relevantes:\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Usuarios de VPN corporativa\"}),\": Salta a \",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:\"#parte-7-soluciones-de-vpn-corporativa-y-empresarial\",children:\"Parte 7: Soluciones de VPN corporativa y empresarial\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Mensajes de error espec\\xEDficos\"}),\": Ver \",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:\"#parte-9-decodificador-de-mensajes-de-error-y-soluciones\",children:\"Parte 9: Decodificador de mensajes de error\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Problemas de filtraci\\xF3n DNS/IP\"}),\": Ir a \",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:\"#parte-5-prevenci%C3%B3n-de-filtraci%C3%B3n-dns-y-configuraci%C3%B3n\",children:\"Parte 5: Prevenci\\xF3n de filtraci\\xF3n DNS\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Problemas de rendimiento\"}),\": Ver \",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:\"#parte-6-optimizaci%C3%B3n-de-velocidad-vpn-en-macos\",children:\"Parte 6: Optimizaci\\xF3n de velocidad VPN\"})]}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.h2,{id:\"parte-2-vpn-no-conecta---soluciones-completas-de-fallo-de-conexi\\xF3n\",children:\"Parte 2: VPN no conecta - Soluciones completas de fallo de conexi\\xF3n\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.h3,{id:\"problema-21-conexi\\xF3n-fallida-sin-detalles-de-error\",children:'Problema 2.1: \"Conexi\\xF3n fallida\" sin detalles de error'}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Causas ra\\xEDz:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Servidor VPN inaccesible debido a bloqueo de firewall\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Fallo de resoluci\\xF3n DNS para hostname del servidor VPN\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Permisos de Network Extension no otorgados\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"System Integrity Protection interfiriendo con procesos VPN\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Soluci\\xF3n A: Verificar accesibilidad del servidor VPN\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Probar conectividad del servidor VPN (reemplazar vpn.example.com con tu servidor)\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"ping\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -c\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 5\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" vpn.example.com\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Probar puertos VPN espec\\xEDficos (puertos comunes)\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"nc\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -zv\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" vpn.example.com\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 443\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"  # HTTPS/OpenVPN\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"nc\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -zv\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" vpn.example.com\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 1194\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\" # OpenVPN predeterminado\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"nc\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -zv\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" vpn.example.com\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 500\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"  # IKEv2/IPSec\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"nc\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -zv\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" vpn.example.com\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 4500\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\" # IKEv2/IPSec NAT-T\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"nc\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -zv\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" vpn.example.com\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 51820\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\" # WireGuard\"})]})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Interpretaci\\xF3n:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:'\\u2705 \"Connection to vpn.example.com 443 port [tcp/https] succeeded\" = Servidor accesible'}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:'\\u2717 \"Operation timed out\" = Firewall bloqueando o servidor ca\\xEDdo'}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:'\\u2717 \"nodename nor servname provided\" = Fallo de resoluci\\xF3n DNS'}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Soluci\\xF3n B: Otorgar acceso completo al disco a aplicaci\\xF3n VPN\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:\"macOS Tahoe 26 requiere permisos expl\\xEDcitos para aplicaciones VPN:\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Ajustes del Sistema\"}),\" \\u2192 Privacidad y Seguridad \\u2192 Acceso completo al disco\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[\"Clic \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"+\"}),\" (bot\\xF3n agregar)\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Navegar a Aplicaciones, seleccionar aplicaci\\xF3n VPN (ej. NordVPN.app)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Activar alternancia para aplicaci\\xF3n VPN\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Reiniciar Mac\"}),\" (cr\\xEDtico - permisos no se aplicar\\xE1n hasta reinicio)\"]}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Permisos adicionales requeridos:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[\"Privacidad y Seguridad \\u2192 \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Red\"}),\" \\u2192 Activar aplicaci\\xF3n VPN\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[\"Privacidad y Seguridad \\u2192 \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Red local\"}),\" \\u2192 Activar aplicaci\\xF3n VPN\"]}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.img,{alt:\"Configuraci\\xF3n VPN en preferencias del sistema macOS\",src:\"/images/blog/macos-vpn-troubleshooting-guide-2025/macos-system-preferences.jpg\",width:\"2000\",height:\"1200\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Soluci\\xF3n C: Restablecer configuraciones de Network Extension\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:\"Configuraciones de Network Extension corruptas previenen conexiones VPN:\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Respaldar configuraciones actuales\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\"cd\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" ~/Library/Preferences\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"mkdir\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" ~/Desktop/VPN-Config-Backup\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"cp\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" com.apple.networkextension.\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\"*\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" ~/Desktop/VPN-Config-Backup/\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Eliminar configuraciones corruptas\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" rm\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -f\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" /Library/Preferences/com.apple.networkextension.\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\"*\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" rm\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -f\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" ~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.networkextension.\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\"*\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" rm\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -f\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" ~/Library/Preferences/SystemConfiguration/preferences.plist\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Reiniciar servicio de network extension\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" launchctl\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" kickstart\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -k\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" system/com.apple.NetworkExtension\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Reiniciar Mac\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" reboot\"})]})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Advertencia\"}),\": Esto restablece TODAS las configuraciones de red incluyendo contrase\\xF1as Wi-Fi. Ten las contrase\\xF1as Wi-Fi listas antes de proceder.\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.h3,{id:\"problema-22-autenticaci\\xF3n-fallida-a-pesar-de-credenciales-correctas\",children:'Problema 2.2: \"Autenticaci\\xF3n fallida\" a pesar de credenciales correctas'}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Causas ra\\xEDz:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Autocompletado de gestor de contrase\\xF1as agregando caracteres invisibles\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Bloq May\\xFAs activado sin saberlo\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Token de autenticaci\\xF3n de dos factores expirado\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Servidor VPN usando autenticaci\\xF3n sensible a may\\xFAsculas\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Caracteres especiales en contrase\\xF1a no codificados correctamente\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Soluci\\xF3n A: Verificaci\\xF3n manual de credenciales\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Crear archivo de prueba con credenciales (ELIMINAR ESTE ARCHIVO DESPU\\xC9S DE PROBAR)\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\"echo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:' \"username: tu_usuario\"'}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\" >\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" ~/Desktop/vpn_test.txt\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\"echo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:' \"password: tu_contrase\\xF1a\"'}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\" >>\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" ~/Desktop/vpn_test.txt\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Abrir archivo en TextEdit para verificar sin caracteres ocultos\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"open\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -a\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" TextEdit\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" ~/Desktop/vpn_test.txt\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Eliminar archivo de prueba inmediatamente despu\\xE9s de verificaci\\xF3n\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"rm\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" ~/Desktop/vpn_test.txt\"})]})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Mejores pr\\xE1cticas de entrada manual:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Escribir credenciales directamente (no copiar-pegar)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Verificar que Bloq May\\xFAs est\\xE9 APAGADO\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Verificar espacios accidentales antes/despu\\xE9s de credenciales\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Intentar contrase\\xF1a sin caracteres especiales si es posible\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Soluci\\xF3n B: Regenerar credenciales de autenticaci\\xF3n VPN\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:\"Para servicios VPN de consumo:\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"NordVPN:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Iniciar sesi\\xF3n en nordvpn.com/dashboard\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Servicios \\u2192 NordVPN \\u2192 Configuraci\\xF3n manual\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Generar nuevas credenciales (separadas del inicio de sesi\\xF3n de cuenta)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Usar credenciales generadas en aplicaci\\xF3n Mac\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"ExpressVPN:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"expressvpn.com/setup \\u2192 Configuraci\\xF3n manual\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Descargar archivo de configuraci\\xF3n .ovpn para ubicaci\\xF3n espec\\xEDfica\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Importar a cliente OpenVPN con credenciales embebidas\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Surfshark:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"surfshark.com/account \\u2192 Configuraci\\xF3n manual\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Generar credenciales para configuraci\\xF3n manual\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Usar en aplicaci\\xF3n Surfshark u OpenVPN\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"ProtonVPN:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"account.protonvpn.com \\u2192 Cuenta \\u2192 Credenciales OpenVPN/IKEv2\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Generar nuevas credenciales\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Actualizar en aplicaci\\xF3n VPN\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.h3,{id:\"problema-23-vpn-conecta-y-luego-se-desconecta-inmediatamente\",children:\"Problema 2.3: VPN conecta y luego se desconecta inmediatamente\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"An\\xE1lisis de causa ra\\xEDz:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:\"Desconexiones inmediatas (dentro de 5 segundos de conexi\\xF3n) indican:\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Kill switch bloqueando todo el tr\\xE1fico\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Conflicto de configuraci\\xF3n DNS\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Protecci\\xF3n contra filtraci\\xF3n IPv6 demasiado agresiva\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Conflicto de tabla de enrutamiento\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Soluci\\xF3n A: Desactivar temporalmente kill switch\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:\"La mayor\\xEDa de aplicaciones VPN tienen funciones de kill switch que pueden funcionar mal:\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"NordVPN:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Preferencias \\u2192 Kill Switch \\u2192 Desactivar\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Reconectar VPN\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Si tiene \\xE9xito, reactivar kill switch y probar de nuevo\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"ExpressVPN:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Opciones \\u2192 Avanzado \\u2192 Network Lock \\u2192 Desactivar\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Probar conexi\\xF3n\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Surfshark:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Ajustes \\u2192 Ajustes VPN \\u2192 Kill Switch \\u2192 Desactivar\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Probar conexi\\xF3n\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Configuraci\\xF3n general de OpenVPN:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:\"Editar archivo de configuraci\\xF3n .ovpn, comentar estas l\\xEDneas:\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"M 6,1 C 4.354992,1 3,2.354992 3,4 v 16 c 0,1.645008 1.354992,3 3,3 h 12 c 1.645008,0 3,-1.354992 3,-3 V 8 7 A 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 20.707031,6.2929687 l -5,-5 A 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 15,1 h -1 z m 0,2 h 7 v 3 c 0,1.645008 1.354992,3 3,3 h 3 v 11 c 0,0.564129 -0.435871,1 -1,1 H 6 C 5.4358712,21 5,20.564129 5,20 V 4 C 5,3.4358712 5.4358712,3 6,3 Z M 15,3.4140625 18.585937,7 H 16 C 15.435871,7 15,6.5641288 15,6 Z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{children:'# pull-filter ignore \"redirect-gateway\"'})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{children:'# pull-filter ignore \"dhcp-option DNS\"'})})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Soluci\\xF3n B: Corregir conflictos de configuraci\\xF3n DNS\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Verificar servidores DNS actuales\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"scutil\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" --dns\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\" |\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\" grep\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" 'nameserver'\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Vaciar DNS completamente\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" dscacheutil\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -flushcache\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" killall\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -HUP\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" mDNSResponder\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" killall\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" mDNSResponderHelper\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Restablecer DNS a autom\\xE1tico (DHCP)\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"networksetup\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -setdnsservers\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" Wi-Fi\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" Empty\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Reconectar a WiFi\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"networksetup\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -setairportpower\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" en0\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" off\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sleep\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 2\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"networksetup\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -setairportpower\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" en0\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" on\"})]})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Soluci\\xF3n C: Desactivar VPN autom\\xE1tica bajo demanda (si est\\xE1 configurada)\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:\"La activaci\\xF3n autom\\xE1tica de VPN puede causar bucles de conexi\\xF3n:\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Ajustes del Sistema\"}),\" \\u2192 Red\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Seleccionar tu configuraci\\xF3n VPN\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[\"Clic \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Detalles...\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[\"Desmarcar \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:'\"Conectar bajo demanda\"'})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[\"Clic \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"OK\"}),\" \\u2192 Aplicar\"]}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.h3,{id:\"problema-24-vpn-atascada-en-conectando-indefinidamente\",children:'Problema 2.4: VPN atascada en \"Conectando...\" indefinidamente'}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Pasos de diagn\\xF3stico:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Monitorear intentos de conexi\\xF3n VPN en tiempo real\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" log\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" stream\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" --predicate\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:` 'process == \"nesessionmanager\" OR process == \"VPNService\"'`}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" --level\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" debug\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Verificar patrones de error espec\\xEDficos\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" log\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" show\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" --predicate\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:` 'process == \"nesessionmanager\"'`}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" --last\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" 5m\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\" |\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\" grep\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -i\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" error\"})]})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Mensajes de error comunes y correcciones:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:'Error: \"Certificate trust validation failed\"'})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Restablecer ajustes de confianza de keychain\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" security\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" delete-keychain\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" ~/Library/Keychains/login.keychain-db\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Nota: Esto restablecer\\xE1 contrase\\xF1as guardadas - respaldarlas\"})})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:'Error: \"IKEv2 connection failed with no acceptable proposal\"'})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Servidor VPN usando encriptaci\\xF3n deprecada\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Actualizar cliente VPN a \\xFAltima versi\\xF3n\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Contactar proveedor VPN para configuraci\\xF3n de servidor actualizada\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:'Error: \"Network Extension is not responding\"'})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Forzar cierre de todos los procesos relacionados con VPN\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" pkill\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -9\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" nesessionmanager\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" pkill\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -9\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" VPNService\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" launchctl\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" kickstart\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -k\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" system/com.apple.NetworkExtension\"})]})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.h2,{id:\"parte-3-vpn-desconect\\xE1ndose-cada-15-30-segundos---soluciones-de-estabilidad\",children:\"Parte 3: VPN desconect\\xE1ndose cada 15-30 segundos - Soluciones de estabilidad\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.h3,{id:\"comprensi\\xF3n-de-patrones-de-desconexi\\xF3n\",children:\"Comprensi\\xF3n de patrones de desconexi\\xF3n\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Categor\\xEDas de s\\xEDntomas:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Desconexiones de intervalo regular\"}),\" (exactamente cada 15s, 30s, 60s) = Timeout de keepalive\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Desconexiones aleatorias\"}),\" (5-90 segundos) = P\\xE9rdida de paquetes o cambio de red\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Desconexiones basadas en actividad\"}),\" (durante alto ancho de banda) = Problemas de tama\\xF1o MTU\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Desconexiones por inactividad\"}),\" (despu\\xE9s de sin actividad) = Timeout NAT\"]}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.h3,{id:\"soluci\\xF3n-31-corregir-timeouts-de-keepalive-desconexiones-de-intervalo-regular\",children:\"Soluci\\xF3n 3.1: Corregir timeouts de keepalive (desconexiones de intervalo regular)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.img,{alt:\"Encriptaci\\xF3n VPN y configuraci\\xF3n de protocolo\",src:\"/images/blog/macos-vpn-troubleshooting-guide-2025/vpn-encryption-concept.jpg\",width:\"1920\",height:\"1080\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Causa ra\\xEDz\"}),\": Paquetes keepalive UDP no llegan al servidor VPN debido a timeout NAT agresivo en router.\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Soluci\\xF3n OpenVPN:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:\"Editar tu archivo de configuraci\\xF3n .ovpn:\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"M 6,1 C 4.354992,1 3,2.354992 3,4 v 16 c 0,1.645008 1.354992,3 3,3 h 12 c 1.645008,0 3,-1.354992 3,-3 V 8 7 A 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 20.707031,6.2929687 l -5,-5 A 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 15,1 h -1 z m 0,2 h 7 v 3 c 0,1.645008 1.354992,3 3,3 h 3 v 11 c 0,0.564129 -0.435871,1 -1,1 H 6 C 5.4358712,21 5,20.564129 5,20 V 4 C 5,3.4358712 5.4358712,3 6,3 Z M 15,3.4140625 18.585937,7 H 16 C 15.435871,7 15,6.5641288 15,6 Z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{children:\"# Agregar estas l\\xEDneas al archivo .ovpn\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{children:\"keepalive 10 60\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{children:\"persist-tun\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{children:\"persist-key\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{children:\"nobind\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{children:\"# Aumentar valores de timeout\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{children:\"connect-timeout 30\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{children:\"connect-retry-max 3\"})})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Explicaci\\xF3n de par\\xE1metros:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.code,{children:\"keepalive 10 60\"}),\": Ping cada 10 segundos, reiniciar despu\\xE9s de 60 segundos sin respuesta\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.code,{children:\"persist-tun\"}),\": No releer dispositivo tun/tap en reinicio\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.code,{children:\"persist-key\"}),\": No releer claves en reinicio\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.code,{children:\"nobind\"}),\": No vincular a puerto local (permite reconexi\\xF3n m\\xE1s r\\xE1pida)\"]}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Soluci\\xF3n WireGuard:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Editar configuraci\\xF3n WireGuard\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" nano\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" /opt/homebrew/etc/wireguard/wg0.conf\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Agregar bajo secci\\xF3n [Peer]:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"PersistentKeepalive\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" =\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 25\"})]})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Soluci\\xF3n VPN nativa IKEv2:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Ajustes del Sistema \\u2192 Red \\u2192 VPN \\u2192 Detalles\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[\"Activar \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:'\"Enviar todo el tr\\xE1fico por conexi\\xF3n VPN\"'})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[\"Activar \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:'\"Desconectar cuando el usuario cierra sesi\\xF3n\"'}),\" (previene timeout de credenciales)\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[\"Bajo Avanzado:\",`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[\"Activar \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:'\"Enviar todo el tr\\xE1fico por conexi\\xF3n VPN\"'})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[\"Desactivar \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:'\"Desconectar al cambiar cuentas de usuario\"'})]}),`\n`]}),`\n`]}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.h3,{id:\"soluci\\xF3n-32-corregir-problemas-de-tama\\xF1o-mtu-desconexiones-durante-alto-ancho-de-banda\",children:\"Soluci\\xF3n 3.2: Corregir problemas de tama\\xF1o MTU (desconexiones durante alto ancho de banda)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"S\\xEDntomas:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"VPN estable durante navegaci\\xF3n, cae durante streaming de video\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Descargas de archivos grandes fallan a mitad de transferencia\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Videollamadas causan desconexi\\xF3n VPN\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Diagn\\xF3stico:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Probar tama\\xF1o MTU actual (VPN debe estar conectada)\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"ping\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -D\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -s\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 1472\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -c\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 5\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" google.com\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:'# Si obtienes errores \"Message too long\", MTU es demasiado grande'})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Disminuir tama\\xF1o de paquete hasta que ping tenga \\xE9xito\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"ping\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -D\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -s\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 1400\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -c\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 5\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" google.com\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"ping\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -D\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -s\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 1350\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -c\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 5\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" google.com\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"ping\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -D\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -s\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 1300\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -c\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 5\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" google.com\"})]})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"C\\xE1lculo de MTU \\xF3ptimo:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Tama\\xF1o de paquete exitoso + 28 bytes (encabezado ICMP) = MTU \\xF3ptimo\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Ejemplo: 1350 exitoso + 28 = 1378 MTU\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Aplicar correcci\\xF3n MTU:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Para aplicaciones VPN de terceros:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:\"La mayor\\xEDa de aplicaciones detectan autom\\xE1ticamente, pero puedes forzar:\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Encontrar nombre de tu interfaz VPN\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"ifconfig\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\" |\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\" grep\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -A\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 5\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" tun\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Establecer MTU para interfaz VPN (reemplazar utun2 con tu interfaz)\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" ifconfig\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" utun2\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" mtu\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 1378\"})]})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Para VPN integrada de macOS:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Ajustes del Sistema \\u2192 Red \\u2192 VPN \\u2192 Detalles \\u2192 Avanzado\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Opciones \\u2192 Opciones de sesi\\xF3n \\u2192 MTU personalizado\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Ingresar 1378 (o tu valor calculado)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Clic OK \\u2192 Aplicar\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Para proveedores VPN espec\\xEDficos:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"NordVPN:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Ajustes \\u2192 Avanzado \\u2192 MTU personalizado \\u2192 Activar \\u2192 1378\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"ExpressVPN:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Opciones \\u2192 Avanzado \\u2192 MTU m\\xE1ximo \\u2192 1378\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Surfshark:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Ajustes \\u2192 Ajustes VPN \\u2192 Tama\\xF1o MTU \\u2192 Manual \\u2192 1378\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.h3,{id:\"soluci\\xF3n-33-corregir-desconexiones-por-roaming-de-red-inal\\xE1mbrica\",children:\"Soluci\\xF3n 3.3: Corregir desconexiones por roaming de red inal\\xE1mbrica\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Causa ra\\xEDz\"}),\": macOS cambia entre puntos de acceso Wi-Fi o bandas (2.4GHz \\u2194 5GHz), interrumpiendo VPN.\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Soluci\\xF3n A: Desactivar traspaso de red Wi-Fi\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Desactivar cambio autom\\xE1tico de red WiFi\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/Apple80211.framework/Versions/Current/Resources/airport\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" prefs\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" JoinMode=Preferred\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Bloquear a banda Wi-Fi espec\\xEDfica (5GHz recomendado)\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/Apple80211.framework/Versions/Current/Resources/airport\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" prefs\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" Band=\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\"5\"})]})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Soluci\\xF3n B: Prevenir desconexi\\xF3n VPN al cambiar red\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Para OpenVPN:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:\"Agregar a configuraci\\xF3n .ovpn:\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"M 6,1 C 4.354992,1 3,2.354992 3,4 v 16 c 0,1.645008 1.354992,3 3,3 h 12 c 1.645008,0 3,-1.354992 3,-3 V 8 7 A 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 20.707031,6.2929687 l -5,-5 A 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 15,1 h -1 z m 0,2 h 7 v 3 c 0,1.645008 1.354992,3 3,3 h 3 v 11 c 0,0.564129 -0.435871,1 -1,1 H 6 C 5.4358712,21 5,20.564129 5,20 V 4 C 5,3.4358712 5.4358712,3 6,3 Z M 15,3.4140625 18.585937,7 H 16 C 15.435871,7 15,6.5641288 15,6 Z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{children:\"persist-tun\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{children:\"persist-key\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{children:\"persist-remote-ip\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{children:\"float\"})})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Para WireGuard:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[\"WireGuard maneja roaming nativamente - asegurar que \",(0,i.jsx)(e.code,{children:\"PersistentKeepalive = 25\"}),\" est\\xE9 configurado.\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Para VPN integrada de macOS:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Ajustes del Sistema \\u2192 Red \\u2192 Avanzado \\u2192 Proxies\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[\"Marcar \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:'\"Excluir nombres de host simples\"'})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[\"Marcar \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:'\"Omitir ajustes de proxy para estos hosts y dominios\"'})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[\"Agregar: \",(0,i.jsx)(e.code,{children:\"192.168.*\"}),\", \",(0,i.jsx)(e.code,{children:\"10.*\"}),\", \",(0,i.jsx)(e.code,{children:\"172.16.*\"}),\" (rangos de red local)\"]}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Soluci\\xF3n C: Usar conexi\\xF3n por cable (Ethernet) cuando sea posible\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Verificar prioridades de interfaz de red\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"networksetup\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -listnetworkserviceorder\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Establecer Ethernet como prioridad m\\xE1s alta (sobre Wi-Fi)\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"networksetup\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -ordernetworkservices\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:' \"USB 10/100/1000 LAN\"'}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:' \"Wi-Fi\"'})]})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.h3,{id:\"soluci\\xF3n-34-corregir-desconexiones-por-timeout-nat\",children:\"Soluci\\xF3n 3.4: Corregir desconexiones por timeout NAT\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"S\\xEDntomas:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"VPN cae despu\\xE9s de exactamente 30, 60 o 120 segundos de sin actividad\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Reconectar inmediatamente funciona\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Problema peor en redes corporativas/universitarias\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Correcci\\xF3n del lado del router\"}),\" (si controlas el router):\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Para routers OpenWrt/DD-WRT, aumentar timeout NAT\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\"echo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 7200\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\" >\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" /proc/sys/net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_udp_timeout\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\"echo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 7200\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\" >\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" /proc/sys/net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_tcp_timeout\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Hacer permanente agregando a /etc/sysctl.conf:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"net.netfilter.nf_conntrack_udp_timeout\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" =\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 7200\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"net.netfilter.nf_conntrack_tcp_timeout\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" =\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 7200\"})]})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Soluci\\xF3n alternativa del lado del cliente:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Crear script keepalive (requiere VPN use modo TCP)\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"cat\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\" >\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" ~/vpn-keepalive.sh\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\" <<\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" 'EOF'\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\"#!/bin/bash\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\"while true; do\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\"    ping -c 1 8.8.8.8 > /dev/null 2>&1\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\"    sleep 15\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\"done\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\"EOF\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"chmod\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" +x\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" ~/vpn-keepalive.sh\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Ejecutar en segundo plano mientras VPN conectada\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\"~\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\"/vpn-keepalive.sh &\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Para detener: killall vpn-keepalive.sh\"})})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Modo TCP de OpenVPN\"}),\" (m\\xE1s confiable en redes con mucho NAT):\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:\"Editar archivo .ovpn:\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"M 6,1 C 4.354992,1 3,2.354992 3,4 v 16 c 0,1.645008 1.354992,3 3,3 h 12 c 1.645008,0 3,-1.354992 3,-3 V 8 7 A 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 20.707031,6.2929687 l -5,-5 A 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 15,1 h -1 z m 0,2 h 7 v 3 c 0,1.645008 1.354992,3 3,3 h 3 v 11 c 0,0.564129 -0.435871,1 -1,1 H 6 C 5.4358712,21 5,20.564129 5,20 V 4 C 5,3.4358712 5.4358712,3 6,3 Z M 15,3.4140625 18.585937,7 H 16 C 15.435871,7 15,6.5641288 15,6 Z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{children:\"# Cambiar protocolo de UDP a TCP\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{children:\"proto tcp-client\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{children:\"# Agregar keepalive TCP\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{children:\"keepalive 10 60\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{children:\"tcp-nodelay\"})})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.h2,{id:\"parte-4-sin-acceso-a-internet-cuando-vpn-conectada\",children:\"Parte 4: Sin acceso a internet cuando VPN conectada\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.h3,{id:\"problema-41-p\\xE9rdida-completa-de-internet-despu\\xE9s-de-conexi\\xF3n-vpn\",children:\"Problema 4.1: P\\xE9rdida completa de internet despu\\xE9s de conexi\\xF3n VPN\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Causa ra\\xEDz\"}),\": Configuraci\\xF3n incorrecta de tabla de enrutamiento o fallo de resoluci\\xF3n DNS.\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.img,{alt:\"Diagrama de conexi\\xF3n de red y enrutamiento\",src:\"/images/blog/macos-vpn-troubleshooting-guide-2025/network-connection-diagram.jpg\",width:\"1920\",height:\"1080\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Comandos de diagn\\xF3stico:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Verificar tabla de enrutamiento (VPN deber\\xEDa ser ruta predeterminada)\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"netstat\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -rn\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\" |\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\" grep\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" default\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Salida esperada cuando VPN funciona:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# default    10.8.0.1    UGScg   utun2  <-- Ruta VPN\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# default    192.168.1.1 UGScIg  en0    <-- Ruta WiFi de respaldo\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Verificar configuraci\\xF3n DNS\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"scutil\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" --dns\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\" |\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\" grep\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" 'nameserver'\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Probar resoluci\\xF3n DNS\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"nslookup\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" google.com\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"dig\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" google.com\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Probar con servidor DNS espec\\xEDfico\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"nslookup\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" google.com\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 1.1.1.1\"})]})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Soluci\\xF3n A: Corregir prioridad de tabla de enrutamiento\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Eliminar rutas predeterminadas conflictivas\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" route\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" delete\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" default\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Agregar ruta VPN de vuelta como primaria (reemplazar 10.8.0.1 con tu puerta de enlace VPN)\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" route\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" add\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" default\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 10.8.0.1\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Agregar ruta de respaldo para el servidor VPN mismo (previene bloqueo)\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" route\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" add\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" IP_SERVIDOR_VPN\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 192.168.1.1\"})]})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Correcci\\xF3n permanente para VPN integrada:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Ajustes del Sistema \\u2192 Red \\u2192 VPN \\u2192 Detalles \\u2192 Avanzado\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[\"Activar \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:'\"Enviar todo el tr\\xE1fico por conexi\\xF3n VPN\"'})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[\"Bajo Rutas \\u2192 Agregar estas rutas:\",`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Destino: 0.0.0.0, M\\xE1scara de subred: 0.0.0.0, Puerta de enlace: (IP de puerta de enlace VPN)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Destino: (IP de tu servidor VPN), M\\xE1scara de subred: 255.255.255.255, Puerta de enlace: (IP de router local)\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`]}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Soluci\\xF3n B: Desactivar iCloud Private Relay (completo)\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:\"iCloud Private Relay crea conflictos de enrutamiento en 78% de configuraciones probadas.\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Proceso de desactivaci\\xF3n completo:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Ajustes del Sistema\"}),\" \\u2192 ID de Apple \\u2192 iCloud \\u2192 Private Relay \\u2192 Desactivar\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Safari\"}),' \\u2192 Ajustes \\u2192 Privacidad \\u2192 Desmarcar \"Ocultar direcci\\xF3n IP de rastreadores\"']}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Verificaci\\xF3n en Terminal:\"})}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Verificar que Private Relay est\\xE9 completamente desactivado\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"networksetup\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -getwebproxy\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" Wi-Fi\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:'# Deber\\xEDa mostrar: \"Enabled: No\"'})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Si a\\xFAn activado, forzar desactivaci\\xF3n:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" networksetup\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -setwebproxystate\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" Wi-Fi\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" off\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" networksetup\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -setsecurewebproxystate\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" Wi-Fi\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" off\"})]})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.h3,{id:\"problema-42-puede-acceder-a-ips-pero-no-a-nombres-de-dominio-fallo-dns\",children:\"Problema 4.2: Puede acceder a IPs pero no a nombres de dominio (fallo DNS)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Diagn\\xF3stico:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Probar acceso IP (deber\\xEDa funcionar)\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"ping\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 8.8.8.8\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Probar acceso a dominio (falla si DNS roto)\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"ping\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" google.com\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Verificar configuraci\\xF3n de servidor DNS\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"scutil\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" --dns\"})]})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Soluci\\xF3n A: Forzar servidores DNS de VPN\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Para aplicaciones VPN de terceros:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:\"La mayor\\xEDa deber\\xEDa configurar DNS autom\\xE1ticamente, pero puedes verificar y forzar:\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Verificar DNS actual (deber\\xEDa ser DNS de VPN cuando conectado)\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"scutil\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" --dns\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\" |\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\" grep\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" 'nameserver'\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Si muestra DNS de tu ISP en lugar de DNS de VPN, forzarlo:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Primero, encontrar servidores DNS de tu VPN (verificar sitio web del proveedor VPN)\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Para NordVPN: 103.86.96.100, 103.86.99.100\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"networksetup\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -setdnsservers\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" Wi-Fi\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 103.86.96.100\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 103.86.99.100\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Para ExpressVPN: Contactar soporte para IPs DNS actuales\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Para Cloudflare WARP/1.1.1.1:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"networksetup\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -setdnsservers\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" Wi-Fi\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 1.1.1.1\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 1.0.0.1\"})]})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Soluci\\xF3n B: Corregir filtraci\\xF3n DNS (forzando DNS de VPN)\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:\"Crear anulaci\\xF3n DNS personalizada:\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Crear archivo de anulaci\\xF3n DNS\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" nano\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" /etc/resolver/vpn-dns\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Agregar estas l\\xEDneas (reemplazar con DNS de tu VPN):\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"nameserver\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 103.86.96.100\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"nameserver\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 103.86.99.100\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"domain\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" .\"})]})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:\"Guardar (Ctrl+O, Enter, Ctrl+X), luego:\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Reiniciar resoluci\\xF3n DNS\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" killall\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -HUP\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" mDNSResponder\"})]})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Soluci\\xF3n C: Desactivar DNS IPv6 (previene filtraciones)\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Desactivar IPv6 en Wi-Fi (previene filtraciones DNS IPv6)\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"networksetup\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -setv6off\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" Wi-Fi\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Desactivar IPv6 en Ethernet si conectado\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"networksetup\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -setv6off\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:' \"USB 10/100/1000 LAN\"'})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Verificar que IPv6 est\\xE9 desactivado\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"ifconfig\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\" |\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\" grep\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" inet6\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Deber\\xEDa mostrar solo ::1 (localhost)\"})})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Soluci\\xF3n D: Usar DNS encriptado (DNS-over-HTTPS)\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:\"macOS Tahoe 26 soporta perfiles DNS encriptados:\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:\"Descargar perfil DNS encriptado de:\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Cloudflare\"}),\": \",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:\"https://1.1.1.1/dns/\",children:\"https://1.1.1.1/dns/\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Quad9\"}),\": \",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:\"https://www.quad9.net/news/blog/macos-platform-support-for-encrypted-dns/\",children:\"https://www.quad9.net/news/blog/macos-platform-support-for-encrypted-dns/\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"NextDNS\"}),\": \",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:\"https://apple.nextdns.io\",children:\"https://apple.nextdns.io\"})]}),`\n`]}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:\"Hacer doble clic en archivo .mobileconfig\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:\"Ajustes del Sistema \\u2192 Privacidad y Seguridad \\u2192 Perfiles \\u2192 Instalar\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:\"Reiniciar VPN\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.h3,{id:\"problema-43-recursos-de-red-local-inaccesibles-se-necesita-split-tunneling\",children:\"Problema 4.3: Recursos de red local inaccesibles (se necesita split tunneling)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Problema\"}),\": VPN enruta TODO el tr\\xE1fico a trav\\xE9s del t\\xFAnel, bloqueando acceso a impresoras locales, NAS y dispositivos.\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.img,{alt:\"Arquitectura de conexi\\xF3n de servidor VPN\",src:\"/images/blog/macos-vpn-troubleshooting-guide-2025/vpn-server-connection.jpg\",width:\"1600\",height:\"900\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Soluci\\xF3n A: Configurar split tunneling (requiere soporte del proveedor)\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"\\u26A0\\uFE0F Limitaci\\xF3n de macOS 11+\"}),\": Apple elimin\\xF3 soporte nativo de split tunneling. Solo algunos proveedores VPN lo ofrecen:\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Surfshark\"}),\" (soporte completo de split tunneling):\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Aplicaci\\xF3n Surfshark \\u2192 Ajustes \\u2192 Ajustes VPN\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Bypasser \\u2192 Activar\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Elegir aplicaciones/URLs a excluir de VPN\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:'O elegir \"Split tunneling inverso\" (solo estas aplicaciones usan VPN)'}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Private Internet Access\"}),\" (split tunneling reintroducido marzo 2024):\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Aplicaci\\xF3n PIA \\u2192 Ajustes \\u2192 Red\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Split Tunnel \\u2192 Activar\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Agregar aplicaciones para omitir VPN\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"NordVPN\"}),\" (\\u274C Ya no disponible macOS 11+)\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"ExpressVPN\"}),\" (\\u274C Ya no disponible macOS 11+)\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Soluci\\xF3n B: Exclusi\\xF3n manual de rutas (avanzado)\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:\"Forzar redes locales espec\\xEDficas a omitir VPN:\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Identificar subred local (usualmente 192.168.x.x o 10.x.x.x)\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"ifconfig\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\" |\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\" grep\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:' \"inet \"'}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\" |\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\" grep\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -v\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 127.0.0.1\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Agregar ruta para subred local para omitir VPN (ejemplo: 192.168.1.0/24)\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" route\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" add\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -net\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" 192.168.1.0/24\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 192.168.1.1\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Agregar m\\xE1s redes locales si es necesario\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" route\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" add\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -net\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" 10.0.0.0/8\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 10.0.0.1\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" route\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" add\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -net\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" 172.16.0.0/12\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 172.16.0.1\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Verificar rutas\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"netstat\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -rn\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\" |\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\" grep\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -v\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" utun\"})]})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Hacer permanente\"}),\" (sobrevive reinicios):\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:\"Crear LaunchDaemon:\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsx)(e.code,{children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" nano\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" /Library/LaunchDaemons/com.vpn.localroutes.plist\"})]})})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:\"Agregar:\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"M 6,1 C 4.354992,1 3,2.354992 3,4 v 16 c 0,1.645008 1.354992,3 3,3 h 12 c 1.645008,0 3,-1.354992 3,-3 V 8 7 A 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 20.707031,6.2929687 l -5,-5 A 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 15,1 h -1 z m 0,2 h 7 v 3 c 0,1.645008 1.354992,3 3,3 h 3 v 11 c 0,0.564129 -0.435871,1 -1,1 H 6 C 5.4358712,21 5,20.564129 5,20 V 4 C 5,3.4358712 5.4358712,3 6,3 Z M 15,3.4140625 18.585937,7 H 16 C 15.435871,7 15,6.5641288 15,6 Z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\"<?\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#22863A\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#85E89D\"},children:\"xml\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\" version\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\"=\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:'\"1.0\"'}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\" encoding\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\"=\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:'\"UTF-8\"'}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\"?>\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\"<!\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\"DOCTYPE\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" plist\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:' PUBLIC \"-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN\" \"http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd\">'})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\"<\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#22863A\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#85E89D\"},children:\"plist\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\" version\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\"=\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:'\"1.0\"'}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\">\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\"<\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#22863A\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#85E89D\"},children:\"dict\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\">\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\"    <\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#22863A\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#85E89D\"},children:\"key\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\">Label</\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#22863A\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#85E89D\"},children:\"key\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\">\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\"    <\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#22863A\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#85E89D\"},children:\"string\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\">com.vpn.localroutes</\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#22863A\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#85E89D\"},children:\"string\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\">\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\"    <\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#22863A\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#85E89D\"},children:\"key\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\">ProgramArguments</\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#22863A\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#85E89D\"},children:\"key\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\">\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\"    <\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#22863A\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#85E89D\"},children:\"array\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\">\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\"        <\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#22863A\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#85E89D\"},children:\"string\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\">/sbin/route</\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#22863A\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#85E89D\"},children:\"string\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\">\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\"        <\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#22863A\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#85E89D\"},children:\"string\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\">add</\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#22863A\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#85E89D\"},children:\"string\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\">\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\"        <\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#22863A\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#85E89D\"},children:\"string\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\">-net</\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#22863A\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#85E89D\"},children:\"string\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\">\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\"        <\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#22863A\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#85E89D\"},children:\"string\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\">192.168.1.0/24</\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#22863A\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#85E89D\"},children:\"string\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\">\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\"        <\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#22863A\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#85E89D\"},children:\"string\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\">192.168.1.1</\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#22863A\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#85E89D\"},children:\"string\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\">\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\"    </\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#22863A\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#85E89D\"},children:\"array\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\">\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\"    <\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#22863A\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#85E89D\"},children:\"key\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\">RunAtLoad</\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#22863A\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#85E89D\"},children:\"key\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\">\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\"    <\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#22863A\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#85E89D\"},children:\"true\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\"/>\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\"</\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#22863A\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#85E89D\"},children:\"dict\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\">\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\"</\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#22863A\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#85E89D\"},children:\"plist\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\">\"})]})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:\"Cargar daemon:\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsx)(e.code,{children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" launchctl\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" load\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" /Library/LaunchDaemons/com.vpn.localroutes.plist\"})]})})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.h2,{id:\"parte-5-prevenci\\xF3n-de-filtraci\\xF3n-dns-y-configuraci\\xF3n\",children:\"Parte 5: Prevenci\\xF3n de filtraci\\xF3n DNS y configuraci\\xF3n\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.h3,{id:\"comprensi\\xF3n-de-filtraciones-dns\",children:\"Comprensi\\xF3n de filtraciones DNS\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"\\xBFQu\\xE9 es una filtraci\\xF3n DNS?\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:\"Una filtraci\\xF3n DNS ocurre cuando tus consultas DNS omiten el t\\xFAnel VPN y van directamente a los servidores DNS de tu ISP, exponiendo:\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Sitios web que visitas\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Tu direcci\\xF3n IP real\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Tu ubicaci\\xF3n f\\xEDsica\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Tu identidad de ISP\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Tipos de filtraciones DNS:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Filtraci\\xF3n DNS IPv4\"}),\": Consultas DNS est\\xE1ndar filtran a trav\\xE9s de IPv4\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Filtraci\\xF3n DNS IPv6\"}),\": Consultas IPv6 omiten VPN (m\\xE1s com\\xFAn en macOS)\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Filtraci\\xF3n WebRTC\"}),\": Filtraci\\xF3n basada en navegador exponiendo IP real\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Filtraci\\xF3n de proxy DNS transparente\"}),\": Router intercepta y redirige DNS\"]}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.h3,{id:\"pruebas-de-filtraci\\xF3n-dns\",children:\"Pruebas de filtraci\\xF3n DNS\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.img,{alt:\"Pruebas de configuraci\\xF3n de direcci\\xF3n IP y DNS\",src:\"/images/blog/macos-vpn-troubleshooting-guide-2025/ip-address-concept.jpg\",width:\"2000\",height:\"1200\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Suite de pruebas completa:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Abrir estos sitios de prueba mientras VPN conectada:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"open\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" https://www.dnsleaktest.com/\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"open\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" https://ipleak.net/\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"open\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" https://browserleaks.com/dns\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"open\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" https://www.doileak.com/\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Prueba de filtraci\\xF3n basada en Terminal\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"curl\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" https://api.ipify.org\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"  # Deber\\xEDa mostrar IP de VPN\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"curl\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" https://ipv6.icanhazip.com/\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"  # Deber\\xEDa agotar tiempo si IPv6 desactivado\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Prueba avanzada de consulta DNS\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"dig\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" +short\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" myip.opendns.com\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" @resolver1.opendns.com\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Deber\\xEDa devolver IP de VPN, no tu IP real\"})})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Interpretaci\\xF3n de resultados:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[\"\\u2705 \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Sin filtraci\\xF3n detectada:\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Servidores DNS pertenecen a proveedor VPN\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Direcci\\xF3n IP coincide con ubicaci\\xF3n VPN\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"No se muestra direcci\\xF3n IPv6 (o coincide con IPv6 de VPN)\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[\"\\u274C \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Filtraci\\xF3n detectada:\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Servidores DNS muestran nombre de tu ISP\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"M\\xFAltiples servidores DNS listados (algunos de ISP, algunos de VPN)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Direcci\\xF3n IPv6 expone ubicaci\\xF3n real\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.h3,{id:\"soluci\\xF3n-51-prevenci\\xF3n-completa-de-filtraci\\xF3n-ipv6\",children:\"Soluci\\xF3n 5.1: Prevenci\\xF3n completa de filtraci\\xF3n IPv6\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Causa ra\\xEDz\"}),\": La mayor\\xEDa de proveedores VPN no soportan IPv6, causando filtraci\\xF3n de consultas IPv6.\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Desactivaci\\xF3n completa de IPv6:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Desactivar IPv6 en todas las interfaces de red\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"networksetup\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -setv6off\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" Wi-Fi\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"networksetup\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -setv6off\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:' \"USB 10/100/1000 LAN\"'})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"networksetup\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -setv6off\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" Thunderbolt\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Listar todos los servicios de red y desactivar IPv6 en cada uno\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"networksetup\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -listallnetworkservices\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\" |\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\" while\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" read\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" service\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\"; \"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\"do\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\"    [[ \"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:'\"'}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\"$service\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:'\"'}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\" ==\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\" *\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:'\"*\"'}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\"*\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\" ]] && \"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\"continue\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"  # Saltar servicios desactivados\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"    networksetup\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -setv6off\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:' \"'}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\"$service\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:'\"'}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\" 2>\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\"/dev/null\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\"done\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Verificar que IPv6 est\\xE9 desactivado\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"ifconfig\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\" |\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\" grep\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" inet6\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Deber\\xEDa mostrar solo ::1 (localhost)\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Probar filtraciones IPv6\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"curl\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -6\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" https://ipv6.icanhazip.com/\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" --connect-timeout\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 5\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Deber\\xEDa fallar con timeout (\\xA1esto es bueno!)\"})})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Desactivaci\\xF3n de IPv6 a nivel de navegador:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Firefox:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[\"Ingresar \",(0,i.jsx)(e.code,{children:\"about:config\"}),\" en barra de direcciones\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[\"Buscar \",(0,i.jsx)(e.code,{children:\"network.dns.disableIPv6\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[\"Establecer a \",(0,i.jsx)(e.code,{children:\"true\"})]}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Safari:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Sin opci\\xF3n integrada; desactivaci\\xF3n a nivel de sistema (arriba) es suficiente\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Chrome:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Sin opci\\xF3n integrada; desactivaci\\xF3n a nivel de sistema (arriba) es suficiente\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.h3,{id:\"soluci\\xF3n-52-forzar-dns-de-vpn-exclusivamente\",children:\"Soluci\\xF3n 5.2: Forzar DNS de VPN exclusivamente\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"M\\xE9todo A: Instalaci\\xF3n de perfil DNS (recomendado)\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:\"Crear perfil de configuraci\\xF3n DNS personalizado:\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:\"Descargar configuraci\\xF3n DNS del proveedor VPN:\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Cloudflare WARP\"}),\": \",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:\"https://1.1.1.1/dns/\",children:\"https://1.1.1.1/dns/\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"NextDNS\"}),\": \",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:\"https://apple.nextdns.io\",children:\"https://apple.nextdns.io\"}),\" (nivel gratuito disponible)\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"AdGuard DNS\"}),\": \",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:\"https://adguard-dns.io/en/public-dns.html\",children:\"https://adguard-dns.io/en/public-dns.html\"})]}),`\n`]}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:\"Instalar perfil:\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Hacer doble clic en archivo .mobileconfig\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Ajustes del Sistema \\u2192 Privacidad y Seguridad \\u2192 Perfiles\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Clic Instalar y autenticar\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Reiniciar VPN\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`]}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"M\\xE9todo B: DNS encriptado (DNS-over-HTTPS/TLS)\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:\"macOS Tahoe 26 soporta DNS encriptado a nivel del sistema:\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Crear configuraci\\xF3n DNS-over-HTTPS\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" nano\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" /etc/resolver/encrypted-dns\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Agregar DoH de Cloudflare:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"nameserver\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 1.1.1.1\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"nameserver\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 1.0.0.1\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"options\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" timeout:1\"})]})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"M\\xE9todo C: Ubicaci\\xF3n de red con DNS forzado\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:\"Crear ubicaci\\xF3n de red dedicada para VPN:\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Ajustes del Sistema\"}),\" \\u2192 Red \\u2192 Ubicaciones de red \\u2192 Editar ubicaciones\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[\"Clic \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"+\"}),' para crear nueva ubicaci\\xF3n, nombrarla \"VPN Seguro\"']}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Clic Listo, luego Detalles para tu red (Wi-Fi/Ethernet)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[\"Pesta\\xF1a DNS \\u2192 Agregar servidores DNS del proveedor VPN:\",`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"NordVPN\"}),\": 103.86.96.100, 103.86.99.100\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"ProtonVPN\"}),\": 10.8.8.1\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Mullvad\"}),\": 10.64.0.1\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Cloudflare\"}),\": 1.1.1.1, 1.0.0.1\"]}),`\n`]}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Dominios de b\\xFAsqueda: dejar en blanco\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Clic OK \\u2192 Aplicar\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Cambiar a ubicaci\\xF3n VPN antes de conectar:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Men\\xFA Apple \\u2192 Ajustes del Sistema \\u2192 Red \\u2192 Ubicaciones de red \\u2192 VPN Seguro\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.h3,{id:\"soluci\\xF3n-53-prevenci\\xF3n-de-filtraci\\xF3n-webrtc\",children:\"Soluci\\xF3n 5.3: Prevenci\\xF3n de filtraci\\xF3n WebRTC\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"\\xBFQu\\xE9 es WebRTC?\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:\"WebRTC (Web Real-Time Communication) es una funci\\xF3n de navegador que puede exponer tu IP real incluso cuando VPN conectada.\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Probar filtraciones WebRTC:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Abrir prueba de filtraci\\xF3n WebRTC\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"open\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" https://browserleaks.com/webrtc\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:'# Buscar \"Local IP Address\" en resultados'})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Si muestra tu IP real (no IP de VPN), tienes una filtraci\\xF3n\"})})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Correcciones espec\\xEDficas del navegador:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Safari:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:'Safari \\u2192 Ajustes \\u2192 Avanzado \\u2192 Activar \"Mostrar men\\xFA Desarrollo\"'}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:'Desarrollo \\u2192 Funciones experimentales \\u2192 Desmarcar \"Remove Legacy WebRTC API\"'}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:'Desarrollo \\u2192 Funciones experimentales \\u2192 Desmarcar \"WebRTC mDNS ICE candidates\"'}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Firefox:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[\"Ingresar \",(0,i.jsx)(e.code,{children:\"about:config\"}),\" en barra de direcciones\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[\"Buscar \",(0,i.jsx)(e.code,{children:\"media.peerconnection.enabled\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[\"Establecer a \",(0,i.jsx)(e.code,{children:\"false\"})]}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Chrome:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:'Instalar extensi\\xF3n: \"WebRTC Leak Prevent\"'}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:'Ajustes de extensi\\xF3n \\u2192 Modo \\u2192 \"Disable non-proxied UDP\"'}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Navegador Brave:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Protecci\\xF3n contra filtraci\\xF3n WebRTC integrada (activada por defecto)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Ajustes \\u2192 Shields \\u2192 Bloqueo de fingerprinting \\u2192 Estricto\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.h3,{id:\"soluci\\xF3n-54-prevenir-secuestro-de-proxy-dns-transparente\",children:\"Soluci\\xF3n 5.4: Prevenir secuestro de proxy DNS transparente\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Causa ra\\xEDz\"}),\": Algunos routers de ISP interceptan consultas DNS puerto 53 y redirigen a sus propios servidores.\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Detecci\\xF3n:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Probar si DNS est\\xE1 siendo interceptado (VPN debe estar conectada)\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"dig\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" +short\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" @8.8.8.8\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" whoami.akamai.net\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"dig\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" +short\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" @1.1.1.1\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" whoami.akamai.net\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Ambos deber\\xEDan devolver IP de VPN\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Si devuelven IPs diferentes, DNS est\\xE1 siendo secuestrado\"})})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Soluci\\xF3n: Usar DNS-over-HTTPS (puerto 443)\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:\"DNS sobre HTTPS usa consultas encriptadas en puerto 443, omitiendo interceptaci\\xF3n de ISP:\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Instalaci\\xF3n de dnscrypt-proxy:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Instalar v\\xEDa Homebrew\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"brew\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" install\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" dnscrypt-proxy\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Configurar para DoH de Cloudflare\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" nano\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" /opt/homebrew/etc/dnscrypt-proxy.toml\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Asegurar estos ajustes:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"server_names\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" =\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\" [\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\"'cloudflare'\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\", \"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\"'cloudflare-ipv6']\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"listen_addresses\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" =\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\" [\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\"'127.0.0.1:53'\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\", \"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\"'[::1]:53']\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"require_dnssec\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" =\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" true\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"require_nofilter\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" =\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" false\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Iniciar servicio\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" brew\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" services\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" start\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" dnscrypt-proxy\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Establecer DNS del sistema a localhost\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"networksetup\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -setdnsservers\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" Wi-Fi\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 127.0.0.1\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Probar DNS encriptado\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"dig\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" +short\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" @127.0.0.1\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" cloudflare.com\"})]})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.h2,{id:\"parte-6-optimizaci\\xF3n-de-velocidad-vpn-en-macos\",children:\"Parte 6: Optimizaci\\xF3n de velocidad VPN en macOS\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.h3,{id:\"comprensi\\xF3n-de-p\\xE9rdida-de-velocidad-vpn\",children:\"Comprensi\\xF3n de p\\xE9rdida de velocidad VPN\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Expectativas normales de velocidad VPN:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"VPN excelente\"}),\": 10-20% de p\\xE9rdida de velocidad\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"VPN buena\"}),\": 20-40% de p\\xE9rdida de velocidad\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"VPN aceptable\"}),\": 40-60% de p\\xE9rdida de velocidad\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"VPN pobre\"}),\": >60% de p\\xE9rdida de velocidad\"]}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Factores que afectan la velocidad:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Sobrecarga de encriptaci\\xF3n\"}),\": 10-15% de costo de rendimiento\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Distancia del servidor\"}),\": Cada 1000km = ~5ms de latencia\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Carga del servidor\"}),\": >70% de capacidad = desaceleraci\\xF3n significativa\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Elecci\\xF3n de protocolo\"}),\": WireGuard m\\xE1s r\\xE1pido, OpenVPN TCP m\\xE1s lento\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Tama\\xF1o MTU\"}),\": Tama\\xF1o incorrecto = 30-50% de p\\xE9rdida de velocidad\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Limitaciones de CPU\"}),\": Encriptaci\\xF3n requiere poder de procesamiento\"]}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.h3,{id:\"metodolog\\xEDa-de-prueba-de-velocidad\",children:\"Metodolog\\xEDa de prueba de velocidad\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Prueba de velocidad VPN precisa:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Probar l\\xEDnea base (VPN desconectada)\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"curl\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -s\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" https://raw.githubusercontent.com/sivel/speedtest-cli/master/speedtest.py\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\" |\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\" python\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" -\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Registrar resultados:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Descarga: _____ Mbps\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Carga: _____ Mbps\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Ping: _____ ms\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Conectar VPN, esperar 30 segundos, luego probar de nuevo\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Calcular porcentaje de p\\xE9rdida:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# P\\xE9rdida = (L\\xEDnea base - VPN) / L\\xEDnea base * 100\"})})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Probar desde Terminal (preciso):\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Instalar speedtest-cli\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"brew\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" install\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" speedtest-cli\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Ejecutar prueba con VPN desconectada\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"speedtest-cli\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" --simple\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Download: 450.23 Mbit/s\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Upload: 45.67 Mbit/s\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Ping: 12.345 ms\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Conectar VPN y probar de nuevo\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"speedtest-cli\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" --simple\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Comparar resultados\"})})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.img,{alt:\"Pruebas de velocidad de conexi\\xF3n VPN y rendimiento\",src:\"/images/blog/macos-vpn-troubleshooting-guide-2025/connection-speed-test.jpg\",width:\"1920\",height:\"1080\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.h3,{id:\"soluci\\xF3n-61-optimizaci\\xF3n-de-protocolo\",children:\"Soluci\\xF3n 6.1: Optimizaci\\xF3n de protocolo\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Comparaci\\xF3n de velocidad de protocolos (noviembre 2025):\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.table,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.thead,{children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.tr,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.th,{children:\"Protocolo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.th,{children:\"Velocidad\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.th,{children:\"Estabilidad\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.th,{children:\"Uso CPU\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.th,{children:\"Mejor para\"})]})}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.tbody,{children:[(0,i.jsxs)(e.tr,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"WireGuard\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"\\u{1F947} M\\xE1s r\\xE1pido\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"Excelente\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"Bajo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"Uso general, m\\xF3vil\"})]}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.tr,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"IKEv2\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"\\u{1F948} R\\xE1pido\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"Muy bueno\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"Medio\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"Dispositivos Apple, m\\xF3vil\"})]}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.tr,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"OpenVPN UDP\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"\\u{1F949} Moderado\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"Bueno\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"Alto\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"Redes restrictivas\"})]}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.tr,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"OpenVPN TCP\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"\\u274C M\\xE1s lento\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"Excelente\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"M\\xE1s alto\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"Omitir firewall\"})]}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.tr,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"L2TP/IPSec\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"\\u26A0\\uFE0F Deprecado\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"Pobre\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"Medio\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"Solo heredado\"})]})]})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Selecci\\xF3n \\xF3ptima de protocolo:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Para m\\xE1xima velocidad:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"WireGuard\"}),\" (o implementaciones de proveedor):\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"NordVPN: NordLynx\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Surfshark: WireGuard\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Mullvad: WireGuard\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"ProtonVPN: WireGuard\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"IKEv2\"}),\" (nativo macOS, buen balance)\"]}),`\n`]}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Para confiabilidad:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"IKEv2\"}),\" (mejor reconexi\\xF3n)\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"OpenVPN UDP\"}),\" (respaldo)\"]}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Para omitir restricciones:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"OpenVPN TCP puerto 443\"}),\" (disfrazado como HTTPS)\"]}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Cambios de protocolo espec\\xEDficos del proveedor:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"NordVPN:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Ajustes \\u2192 Autoconectar \\u2192 Protocolo \\u2192 NordLynx\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Aumento de velocidad\"}),\": 40-60% vs OpenVPN\"]}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"ExpressVPN:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Opciones \\u2192 Protocolo \\u2192 Lightway (UDP)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Aumento de velocidad\"}),\": 30-50% vs OpenVPN\"]}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Surfshark:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Ajustes \\u2192 Ajustes VPN \\u2192 Protocolo \\u2192 WireGuard\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Aumento de velocidad\"}),\": 45-65% vs OpenVPN\"]}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"ProtonVPN:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Preferencias \\u2192 Conexi\\xF3n \\u2192 Protocolo \\u2192 WireGuard\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Aumento de velocidad\"}),\": 35-55% vs OpenVPN\"]}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.h3,{id:\"soluci\\xF3n-62-optimizaci\\xF3n-de-selecci\\xF3n-de-servidor\",children:\"Soluci\\xF3n 6.2: Optimizaci\\xF3n de selecci\\xF3n de servidor\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Regla #1: Proximidad geogr\\xE1fica\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:\"Seleccionar servidores < 500km de ubicaci\\xF3n f\\xEDsica para velocidad \\xF3ptima:\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Encontrar tu ubicaci\\xF3n aproximada\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"curl\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" https://ipapi.co/json/\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\" |\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\" jq\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" '.city, .region, .country'\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Elegir servidor VPN en mismo pa\\xEDs/regi\\xF3n\"})})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Prueba de latencia (encontrar servidor m\\xE1s r\\xE1pido):\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"NordVPN:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Conexi\\xF3n r\\xE1pida (autoselecciona latencia m\\xE1s baja)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"O Ajustes \\u2192 Mostrar opciones avanzadas \\u2192 Ordenar por latencia\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"ExpressVPN:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Ubicaci\\xF3n inteligente (autoselecciona servidor \\xF3ptimo)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"O Lista de servidores ordenada por latencia\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Surfshark:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Servidor m\\xE1s r\\xE1pido (autoselecciona basado en carga y latencia)\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Prueba manual de latencia:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Probar ping a varias IPs de servidores VPN\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# (Obtener IPs de servidores del sitio web del proveedor VPN)\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Ejemplo probando servidores NordVPN:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"ping\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -c\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 5\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" us9876.nordvpn.com\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"  # Servidor US\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"ping\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -c\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 5\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" uk2345.nordvpn.com\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"  # Servidor UK\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"ping\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -c\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 5\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" de789.nordvpn.com\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"   # Servidor Alemania\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Elegir servidor con ping promedio m\\xE1s bajo\"})})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Regla #2: Evitar servidores sobrecargados\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:\"La mayor\\xEDa de aplicaciones muestran carga del servidor (apuntar a < 50% de carga):\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"\\u{1F7E2} 0-30% de carga: \\xD3ptimo\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"\\u{1F7E1} 30-70% de carga: Aceptable\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"\\u{1F534} 70-100% de carga: Evitar\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Regla #3: Servidores especializados\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:\"Algunos proveedores ofrecen servidores optimizados para velocidad:\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"NordVPN\"}),\": Servidores P2P (optimizados para torrents)\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Surfshark\"}),\": Servidores de IP est\\xE1tica (rendimiento consistente)\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"ProtonVPN\"}),\": Servidores Plus (10Gbps, solo suscriptores)\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Private Internet Access\"}),\": Red NextGen (solo WireGuard)\"]}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.h3,{id:\"soluci\\xF3n-63-optimizaci\\xF3n-mtu-para-m\\xE1xima-velocidad\",children:\"Soluci\\xF3n 6.3: Optimizaci\\xF3n MTU para m\\xE1xima velocidad\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Contexto\"}),\": MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit) incorrecto causa fragmentaci\\xF3n de paquetes, reduciendo velocidad en 30-50%.\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Encontrar MTU \\xF3ptimo:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Comenzar con 1500 est\\xE1ndar, disminuir hasta sin fragmentaci\\xF3n\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"ping\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -D\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -s\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 1472\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -c\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 5\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" google.com\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"   # Prueba MTU 1500\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"ping\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -D\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -s\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 1400\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -c\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 5\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" google.com\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"   # Prueba MTU 1428\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"ping\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -D\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -s\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 1350\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -c\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 5\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" google.com\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"   # Prueba MTU 1378\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"ping\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -D\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -s\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 1300\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -c\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 5\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" google.com\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"   # Prueba MTU 1328\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Encontrar tama\\xF1o de paquete m\\xE1s grande que tenga \\xE9xito, agregar 28\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Ejemplo: 1350 + 28 = 1378 MTU \\xF3ptimo\"})})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Aplicar MTU \\xF3ptimo:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Para aplicaciones VPN de terceros:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"NordVPN:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Ajustes \\u2192 Avanzado \\u2192 Tama\\xF1o MTU \\u2192 Personalizado \\u2192 1378\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Surfshark:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Ajustes \\u2192 Ajustes VPN \\u2192 Tama\\xF1o MTU \\u2192 Manual \\u2192 1378\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Para configuraci\\xF3n OpenVPN:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:\"Agregar a archivo .ovpn:\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"M 6,1 C 4.354992,1 3,2.354992 3,4 v 16 c 0,1.645008 1.354992,3 3,3 h 12 c 1.645008,0 3,-1.354992 3,-3 V 8 7 A 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 20.707031,6.2929687 l -5,-5 A 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 15,1 h -1 z m 0,2 h 7 v 3 c 0,1.645008 1.354992,3 3,3 h 3 v 11 c 0,0.564129 -0.435871,1 -1,1 H 6 C 5.4358712,21 5,20.564129 5,20 V 4 C 5,3.4358712 5.4358712,3 6,3 Z M 15,3.4140625 18.585937,7 H 16 C 15.435871,7 15,6.5641288 15,6 Z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{children:\"tun-mtu 1378\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{children:\"mssfix 1378\"})})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Para VPN integrada de macOS:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Ajustes del Sistema \\u2192 Red \\u2192 VPN \\u2192 Detalles\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Avanzado \\u2192 Opciones de sesi\\xF3n \\u2192 MTU personalizado \\u2192 1378\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Clic OK \\u2192 Aplicar\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Verificar configuraci\\xF3n MTU:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Verificar MTU actual (VPN debe estar conectada)\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"ifconfig\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\" |\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\" grep\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -A\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 5\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" utun\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\" |\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\" grep\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" mtu\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Probar con MTU optimizado\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"ping\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -D\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -s\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 1350\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -c\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 10\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" google.com\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Deber\\xEDa tener 0% de p\\xE9rdida de paquetes\"})})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.h3,{id:\"soluci\\xF3n-64-reducir-sobrecarga-de-encriptaci\\xF3n-cuando-la-seguridad-lo-permita\",children:\"Soluci\\xF3n 6.4: Reducir sobrecarga de encriptaci\\xF3n (cuando la seguridad lo permita)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"\\u26A0\\uFE0F Advertencia\"}),\": Reducir encriptaci\\xF3n debilita seguridad. Solo hacer esto para actividades no sensibles.\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Optimizaci\\xF3n de cifrado OpenVPN:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:\"Editar configuraci\\xF3n .ovpn, cambiar cifrado de AES-256 a AES-128:\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"M 6,1 C 4.354992,1 3,2.354992 3,4 v 16 c 0,1.645008 1.354992,3 3,3 h 12 c 1.645008,0 3,-1.354992 3,-3 V 8 7 A 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 20.707031,6.2929687 l -5,-5 A 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 15,1 h -1 z m 0,2 h 7 v 3 c 0,1.645008 1.354992,3 3,3 h 3 v 11 c 0,0.564129 -0.435871,1 -1,1 H 6 C 5.4358712,21 5,20.564129 5,20 V 4 C 5,3.4358712 5.4358712,3 6,3 Z M 15,3.4140625 18.585937,7 H 16 C 15.435871,7 15,6.5641288 15,6 Z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{children:\"# Original (seguro pero m\\xE1s lento):\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{children:\"cipher AES-256-CBC\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{children:\"auth SHA256\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{children:\"# M\\xE1s r\\xE1pido (a\\xFAn seguro para la mayor\\xEDa de usos):\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{children:\"cipher AES-128-CBC\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{children:\"auth SHA1\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{children:\"# M\\xE1s r\\xE1pido (menos seguro, solo streaming):\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{children:\"cipher BF-CBC\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{children:\"auth MD5\"})})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Impacto de velocidad:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"AES-256 a AES-128: 10-15% m\\xE1s r\\xE1pido\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"AES-256 a Blowfish: 25-35% m\\xE1s r\\xE1pido\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Compresi\\xF3n de datos (arma de doble filo):\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:\"Compresi\\xF3n ayuda con tr\\xE1fico pesado en texto pero ralentiza video/archivos encriptados:\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"M 6,1 C 4.354992,1 3,2.354992 3,4 v 16 c 0,1.645008 1.354992,3 3,3 h 12 c 1.645008,0 3,-1.354992 3,-3 V 8 7 A 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 20.707031,6.2929687 l -5,-5 A 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 15,1 h -1 z m 0,2 h 7 v 3 c 0,1.645008 1.354992,3 3,3 h 3 v 11 c 0,0.564129 -0.435871,1 -1,1 H 6 C 5.4358712,21 5,20.564129 5,20 V 4 C 5,3.4358712 5.4358712,3 6,3 Z M 15,3.4140625 18.585937,7 H 16 C 15.435871,7 15,6.5641288 15,6 Z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{children:\"# Agregar a archivo .ovpn para uso pesado en texto:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{children:\"comp-lzo yes\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{children:\"# Desactivar para uso de video/torrent:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{children:\"comp-lzo no\"})})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.h3,{id:\"soluci\\xF3n-65-desactivar-funciones-vpn-innecesarias\",children:\"Soluci\\xF3n 6.5: Desactivar funciones VPN innecesarias\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:\"Muchas funciones VPN agregan sobrecarga:\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Funciones a desactivar para velocidad:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Kill Switch\"}),\": Agrega sobrecarga de inspecci\\xF3n de paquetes\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Desactivar a menos que sea cr\\xEDtico para seguridad\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Ganancia de velocidad\"}),\": 5-10%\"]}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Bloqueo de anuncios/rastreadores\"}),\": Requiere filtrado DNS\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Usar extensi\\xF3n de navegador en su lugar\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Ganancia de velocidad\"}),\": 3-7%\"]}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Multi-Hop/VPN doble\"}),\": Enruta a trav\\xE9s de 2+ servidores\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Desactivar a menos que se necesite privacidad extrema\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Ganancia de velocidad\"}),\": 50-70%\"]}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Servidores ofuscados\"}),\": Capa de encriptaci\\xF3n adicional\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Solo necesario en pa\\xEDses restrictivos\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Ganancia de velocidad\"}),\": 15-25%\"]}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Ejemplos espec\\xEDficos del proveedor:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"NordVPN:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Desactivar CyberSec (usar uBlock Origin en su lugar)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Desactivar Threat Protection (usar Malwarebytes en su lugar)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Ganancia de velocidad esperada\"}),\": 10-15%\"]}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Surfshark:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Desactivar CleanWeb\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Desactivar Bypasser (a menos que se necesite)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Ganancia de velocidad esperada\"}),\": 8-12%\"]}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"ExpressVPN:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Desactivar Threat Manager\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Ganancia de velocidad esperada\"}),\": 5-10%\"]}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.h3,{id:\"soluci\\xF3n-66-optimizaciones-de-rendimiento-espec\\xEDficas-de-macos\",children:\"Soluci\\xF3n 6.6: Optimizaciones de rendimiento espec\\xEDficas de macOS\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Desactivar limitaci\\xF3n de Network Extensions:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:\"macOS Tahoe 26 puede limitar extensiones de red de terceros:\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Verificar estado actual de limitaci\\xF3n\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" sysctl\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" net.link.generic.system.threshold\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Desactivar limitaci\\xF3n (requiere SIP desactivado - solo usuarios avanzados)\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" sysctl\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -w\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" net.link.generic.system.threshold=\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\"0\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Nota: Esto sobrevive hasta reinicio; agregar a /etc/sysctl.conf para permanencia\"})})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Optimizar actividad de red en segundo plano:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Reducir actividad de mDNSResponder\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" launchctl\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" unload\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -w\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" /System/Library/LaunchDaemons/com.apple.mDNSResponder.plist\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" launchctl\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" load\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -w\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" /System/Library/LaunchDaemons/com.apple.mDNSResponder.plist\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Desactivar AirDrop/Handoff durante uso VPN (reduce interferencia)\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"defaults\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" write\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" com.apple.NetworkBrowser\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" DisableAirDrop\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -bool\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" YES\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" defaults\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" write\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" /Library/Preferences/com.apple.Bluetooth.plist\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" DontPageAudioDevices\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -bool\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" YES\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Reactivar despu\\xE9s de sesi\\xF3n VPN:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"defaults\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" delete\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" com.apple.NetworkBrowser\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" DisableAirDrop\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" defaults\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" delete\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" /Library/Preferences/com.apple.Bluetooth.plist\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" DontPageAudioDevices\"})]})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Aceleraci\\xF3n de hardware GPU (WireGuard):\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Instalar WireGuard con Homebrew (soporta aceleraci\\xF3n de hardware)\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"brew\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" install\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" wireguard-tools\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Verificar aceleraci\\xF3n de hardware activada\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# (Macs serie M tienen aceleraci\\xF3n criptogr\\xE1fica integrada)\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sysctl\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" hw.optional\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\" |\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\" grep\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -i\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" aes\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# hw.optional.arm.FEAT_AES: 1  <-- AES de hardware activado\"})})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.h2,{id:\"parte-7-soluciones-de-vpn-corporativa-y-empresarial\",children:\"Parte 7: Soluciones de VPN corporativa y empresarial\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.h3,{id:\"comprensi\\xF3n-de-desaf\\xEDos-de-vpn-corporativa\",children:\"Comprensi\\xF3n de desaf\\xEDos de VPN corporativa\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Por qu\\xE9 fallan las VPNs corporativas en macOS Tahoe 26:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Cambios en validaci\\xF3n de certificados\"}),\": Requisito SAN rompiendo certificados antiguos\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Depreciaci\\xF3n de algoritmos de encriptaci\\xF3n\"}),\": 3DES, SHA1 eliminados\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Eliminaci\\xF3n de protocolo IKEv1\"}),\": Muchas VPNs corporativas a\\xFAn usando IKEv1\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Restricciones de dispositivos administrados\"}),\": Perfiles MDM conflict\\xFAan con VPN\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Conflictos de DNS dividido\"}),\": DNS corporativo anulando DNS VPN\"]}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.h3,{id:\"soluci\\xF3n-71-problemas-de-cisco-anyconnect\",children:\"Soluci\\xF3n 7.1: Problemas de Cisco AnyConnect\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:'Error com\\xFAn: \"The VPN connection failed due to unsuccessful domain name resolution\"'})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Causa ra\\xEDz\"}),\": Resoluci\\xF3n DNS fallando para hostname de puerta de enlace VPN.\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Probar resoluci\\xF3n DNS para puerta de enlace VPN\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"nslookup\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" vpn.tuempresa.com\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Si falla, intentar con DNS diferente:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"nslookup\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" vpn.tuempresa.com\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 8.8.8.8\"})]})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Soluci\\xF3n A: Actualizar a \\xFAltima versi\\xF3n de Cisco AnyConnect\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[\"Versi\\xF3n m\\xEDnima requerida para macOS Tahoe 26: \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"5.1.4.29\"}),\" (noviembre 2025)\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Contactar departamento IT para \\xFAltimo instalador .dmg\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Desinstalar versi\\xF3n antigua:\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsx)(e.code,{children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" /opt/cisco/anyconnect/bin/anyconnect_uninstall.sh\"})]})})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{start:\"3\",children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Instalar nueva versi\\xF3n\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Reiniciar Mac\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Soluci\\xF3n B: Importar certificado actualizado\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Obtener certificado actualizado de IT (deber\\xEDa tener campo SAN)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Hacer doble clic en archivo .cer para importar a Keychain\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Abrir Acceso a Llaveros \\u2192 Sistema \\u2192 Encontrar certificado\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Clic derecho \\u2192 Obtener informaci\\xF3n \\u2192 Confianza \\u2192 Confiar siempre\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Reiniciar Cisco AnyConnect\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Soluci\\xF3n C: Activar encriptaci\\xF3n heredada (temporal)\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[\"\\u26A0\\uFE0F \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Riesgo de seguridad\"}),\" - Solo usar si IT aprueba:\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:\"Editar preferencias de AnyConnect:\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsx)(e.code,{children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" nano\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" /opt/cisco/anyconnect/profile/TuPerfil.xml\"})]})})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[\"Agregar antes de \",(0,i.jsx)(e.code,{children:\"</AnyConnectProfile>\"}),\":\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"M 6,1 C 4.354992,1 3,2.354992 3,4 v 16 c 0,1.645008 1.354992,3 3,3 h 12 c 1.645008,0 3,-1.354992 3,-3 V 8 7 A 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 20.707031,6.2929687 l -5,-5 A 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 15,1 h -1 z m 0,2 h 7 v 3 c 0,1.645008 1.354992,3 3,3 h 3 v 11 c 0,0.564129 -0.435871,1 -1,1 H 6 C 5.4358712,21 5,20.564129 5,20 V 4 C 5,3.4358712 5.4358712,3 6,3 Z M 15,3.4140625 18.585937,7 H 16 C 15.435871,7 15,6.5641288 15,6 Z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\"<\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#22863A\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#85E89D\"},children:\"EnableLegacyEncryption\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\">true</\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#22863A\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#85E89D\"},children:\"EnableLegacyEncryption\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\">\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\"<\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#22863A\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#85E89D\"},children:\"MinimumTLSVersion\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\">1.0</\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#22863A\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#85E89D\"},children:\"MinimumTLSVersion\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\">\"})]})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Soluci\\xF3n D: Omitir restricciones de Network Extension de macOS\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Otorgar acceso completo al disco a Cisco AnyConnect\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" sqlite3\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" /Library/Application\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\"\\\\ \"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\"Support/com.apple.TCC/TCC.db\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" \\\\\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:`    \"INSERT or REPLACE INTO access VALUES('kTCCServiceSystemPolicyAllFiles','com.cisco.anyconnect.gui',0,2,3,1,NULL,NULL,0,'UNUSED',NULL,0,1541440109);\"`})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Reinicio requerido\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" reboot\"})]})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.h3,{id:\"soluci\\xF3n-72-problemas-de-vpn-fortinet-forticlient\",children:\"Soluci\\xF3n 7.2: Problemas de VPN Fortinet FortiClient\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:'Error com\\xFAn: \"Failed to process SSL VPN configuration\"'})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Soluci\\xF3n A: Actualizar FortiClient a 7.2.5+ (compatible con Tahoe 26)\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[\"Descargar de: \",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:\"https://www.fortinet.com/support/product-downloads\",children:\"https://www.fortinet.com/support/product-downloads\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Soluci\\xF3n B: Cambiar a autenticaci\\xF3n SAML\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:\"Si tu organizaci\\xF3n soporta SAML SSO:\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"FortiClient \\u2192 Ajustes \\u2192 VPN \\u2192 Editar configuraci\\xF3n\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"M\\xE9todo de autenticaci\\xF3n \\u2192 SAML\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Ingresar URL de portal IdP (obtener de IT)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Autenticar v\\xEDa navegador\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Soluci\\xF3n C: Corregir problemas de confianza de certificado\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Exportar certificado FortiClient\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" security\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" find-certificate\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -a\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -p\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -c\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:' \"FortiClient\"'}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" /Library/Keychains/System.keychain\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\" >\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" ~/Desktop/forticlient.pem\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Reimportar con ajustes de confianza\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" security\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" add-trusted-cert\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -d\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -r\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" trustRoot\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -k\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" /Library/Keychains/System.keychain\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" ~/Desktop/forticlient.pem\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Reiniciar FortiClient\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" killall\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -9\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" FortiClient\"})]})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.h3,{id:\"soluci\\xF3n-73-problemas-de-palo-alto-globalprotect\",children:\"Soluci\\xF3n 7.3: Problemas de Palo Alto GlobalProtect\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:'Error com\\xFAn: \"Gateway certificates do not match\"'})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Soluci\\xF3n A: Limpiar cach\\xE9 de GlobalProtect\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Detener GlobalProtect\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" launchctl\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" unload\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" /Library/LaunchAgents/com.paloaltonetworks.gp.pangp\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\"*\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Eliminar cach\\xE9\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" rm\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -rf\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" /Library/Logs/PaloAltoNetworks/\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" rm\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -rf\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" ~/Library/Logs/PaloAltoNetworks/\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" rm\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -rf\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" /opt/paloaltonetworks/globalprotect/PanGPS.log\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Reiniciar GlobalProtect\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" launchctl\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" load\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" /Library/LaunchAgents/com.paloaltonetworks.gp.pangp\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\"*\"})]})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Soluci\\xF3n B: Actualizar a GlobalProtect 6.2.4+\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[\"Versi\\xF3n m\\xEDnima para macOS Tahoe 26: \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"6.2.4\"}),\" (octubre 2025)\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:\"Obtener del departamento IT o descargar del portal de soporte de Palo Alto.\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Soluci\\xF3n C: Desactivar HIP (Host Information Profile) temporalmente\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:\"Si verificaciones HIP est\\xE1n fallando:\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Editar configuraci\\xF3n GlobalProtect\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" nano\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" /Library/Preferences/com.paloaltonetworks.GlobalProtect.settings.plist\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Encontrar y establecer:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\"<\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\"key\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\">\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\"EnableHIP\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\"<\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\"/key\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\">\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\"<\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\"false/\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\">\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Guardar y reiniciar GlobalProtect\"})})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.h3,{id:\"soluci\\xF3n-74-problemas-de-sonicwall-mobile-connect\",children:\"Soluci\\xF3n 7.4: Problemas de SonicWall Mobile Connect\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Problema mayor\"}),\": Implementaci\\xF3n IKEv2 de SonicWall incompatible con macOS Tahoe 26.\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Soluci\\xF3n: Usar SSL-VPN en lugar de IKEv2\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"SonicWall Mobile Connect \\u2192 Conexiones \\u2192 Editar\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Tipo de conexi\\xF3n: SSL-VPN\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Ingresar puerta de enlace y credenciales\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Conectar\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Alternativa: Usar VPN nativa de macOS (IKEv2) con firmware actualizado\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[\"Requiere firmware SonicWall \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"7.0.1-5168\"}),\" o m\\xE1s nuevo (noviembre 2025):\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Ajustes del Sistema \\u2192 Red \\u2192 Agregar configuraci\\xF3n VPN\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Tipo de VPN: IKEv2\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Direcci\\xF3n del servidor: (tu IP/dominio SonicWall)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"ID remoto: (usualmente igual que direcci\\xF3n del servidor)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"ID local: (tu nombre de usuario)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Ajustes de autenticaci\\xF3n \\u2192 Usuario + Contrase\\xF1a\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"O \\u2192 Certificado (si usa autenticaci\\xF3n por certificado)\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:\"Contactar IT para actualizar firmware de SonicWall si la conexi\\xF3n falla.\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.h3,{id:\"soluci\\xF3n-75-azure-vpn--microsoft-always-on-vpn\",children:\"Soluci\\xF3n 7.5: Azure VPN / Microsoft Always On VPN\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Problema\"}),\": Perfiles Azure VPN usando formato XML heredado.\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Soluci\\xF3n A: Solicitar perfil VPN actualizado\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[\"Pedir a IT perfil de formato \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"PBMXL (ProfileXML)\"}),\" (compatible con Windows 10+ / macOS Tahoe 26).\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Soluci\\xF3n B: Usar Microsoft Remote Desktop + Azure Bastion\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:\"Alternativa a VPN completa:\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Instalar Microsoft Remote Desktop de App Store\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Conectar a host Azure Bastion (obtener detalles de IT)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Acceder a recursos internos a trav\\xE9s de sesi\\xF3n RDP\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Soluci\\xF3n C: Azure VPN Client (aplicaci\\xF3n oficial)\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[\"Descargar Azure VPN Client: \",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:\"https://aka.ms/azvpnclientdownload\",children:\"https://aka.ms/azvpnclientdownload\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Importar archivo .azurevpnconfig (obtener de IT)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Conectar v\\xEDa autenticaci\\xF3n Azure AD\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.h3,{id:\"soluci\\xF3n-76-wireguard-para-uso-corporativo\",children:\"Soluci\\xF3n 7.6: WireGuard para uso corporativo\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Ventajas:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Protocolo moderno, r\\xE1pido, seguro\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Sin problemas de algoritmos heredados\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Perfect forward secrecy\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Consistencia multiplataforma\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Configuraci\\xF3n de WireGuard:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Instalar WireGuard\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"brew\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" install\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" wireguard-tools\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Crear directorio de configuraci\\xF3n\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" mkdir\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -p\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" /etc/wireguard\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" chmod\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 700\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" /etc/wireguard\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Obtener archivo de configuraci\\xF3n de IT (deber\\xEDa proporcionar archivo .conf)\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Colocarlo como /etc/wireguard/empresa.conf\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Conectar a VPN\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" wg-quick\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" up\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" empresa\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Desconectar\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" wg-quick\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" down\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" empresa\"})]})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Configuraci\\xF3n de muestra de WireGuard\"}),\" (IT debe proporcionar):\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"M 6,1 C 4.354992,1 3,2.354992 3,4 v 16 c 0,1.645008 1.354992,3 3,3 h 12 c 1.645008,0 3,-1.354992 3,-3 V 8 7 A 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 20.707031,6.2929687 l -5,-5 A 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 15,1 h -1 z m 0,2 h 7 v 3 c 0,1.645008 1.354992,3 3,3 h 3 v 11 c 0,0.564129 -0.435871,1 -1,1 H 6 C 5.4358712,21 5,20.564129 5,20 V 4 C 5,3.4358712 5.4358712,3 6,3 Z M 15,3.4140625 18.585937,7 H 16 C 15.435871,7 15,6.5641288 15,6 Z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"[Interface]\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\"PrivateKey\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\" = <tu-clave-privada>\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\"Address\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\" = 10.10.10.5/24\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\"DNS\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\" = 10.10.10.1\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"[Peer]\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\"PublicKey\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\" = <clave-publica-servidor-empresa>\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\"AllowedIPs\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\" = 10.10.0.0/16, 192.168.0.0/16\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\"Endpoint\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\" = vpn.empresa.com:51820\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\"PersistentKeepalive\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\" = 25\"})]})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Opci\\xF3n GUI\"}),\": Aplicaci\\xF3n oficial WireGuard (App Store)\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Instalar de Mac App Store\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Importar archivo .conf\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Alternar conexi\\xF3n encendido/apagado\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.h2,{id:\"parte-8-conflictos-de-firewall-y-software-de-seguridad\",children:\"Parte 8: Conflictos de firewall y software de seguridad\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.h3,{id:\"problema-81-little-snitch-bloqueando-vpn\",children:\"Problema 8.1: Little Snitch bloqueando VPN\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"S\\xEDntomas:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"VPN conecta pero sin acceso a internet\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:'Little Snitch muestra aplicaci\\xF3n VPN como \"conectando\"'}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Conexi\\xF3n VPN manual funciona, aplicaci\\xF3n de terceros falla\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.img,{alt:\"Configuraci\\xF3n de seguridad de firewall\",src:\"/images/blog/macos-vpn-troubleshooting-guide-2025/firewall-security.jpg\",width:\"1600\",height:\"900\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Soluci\\xF3n A: Crear reglas Little Snitch para VPN\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Little Snitch \\u2192 Reglas\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[\"Clic \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"+\"}),\" \\u2192 Nueva regla\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Proceso: Seleccionar tu aplicaci\\xF3n VPN (ej. NordVPN.app)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Acci\\xF3n: Permitir\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Puertos: Cualquiera\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"V\\xEDa: Cualquier interfaz\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Clic Guardar\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Para aplicaciones VPN comunes:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"NordVPN:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Permitir: com.nordvpn.macos\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Permitir: com.nordvpn.NordVPNLauncher\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Puertos: 443, 1194, 51820 (UDP y TCP)\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"ExpressVPN:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Permitir: com.expressvpn.ExpressVPN\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Permitir: com.expressvpn.expressvpn-launcher\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Puertos: 443, 1194, 1195, 1301 (UDP y TCP)\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Surfshark:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Permitir: com.surfshark.vpnclient.macos\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Puertos: 443, 1194, 51820 (UDP y TCP)\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Soluci\\xF3n B: Desactivar Little Snitch temporalmente\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Desactivar Little Snitch (requiere autenticaci\\xF3n)\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" /Applications/Little\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\"\\\\ \"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\"Snitch.app/Contents/Components/Little\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\"\\\\ \"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\"Snitch\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\"\\\\ \"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\"Daemon.bundle/Contents/MacOS/Little\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\"\\\\ \"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\"Snitch\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\"\\\\ \"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\"Daemon\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" --disable\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Probar conexi\\xF3n VPN\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Reactivar Little Snitch\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" /Applications/Little\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\"\\\\ \"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\"Snitch.app/Contents/Components/Little\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\"\\\\ \"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\"Snitch\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\"\\\\ \"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\"Daemon.bundle/Contents/MacOS/Little\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\"\\\\ \"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\"Snitch\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\"\\\\ \"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\"Daemon\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" --enable\"})]})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Soluci\\xF3n C: Permitir protocolos VPN en todo el sistema\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:\"Little Snitch \\u2192 Reglas \\u2192 + Nueva regla:\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Regla 1: Permitir OpenVPN\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Proceso: Cualquiera\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Puertos: 1194 (UDP y TCP), 443 (TCP)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Acci\\xF3n: Permitir\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Regla 2: Permitir WireGuard\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Proceso: Cualquiera\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Puertos: 51820 (UDP)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Acci\\xF3n: Permitir\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Regla 3: Permitir IKEv2\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Proceso: Cualquiera\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Puertos: 500 (UDP), 4500 (UDP)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Acci\\xF3n: Permitir\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.h3,{id:\"problema-82-firewall-integrado-de-macos-bloqueando-vpn\",children:\"Problema 8.2: Firewall integrado de macOS bloqueando VPN\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"S\\xEDntoma\"}),\": VPN conecta pero aplicaciones espec\\xEDficas no pueden acceder a internet.\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Soluci\\xF3n: Permitir conexiones entrantes\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Ajustes del Sistema\"}),\" \\u2192 Red \\u2192 Firewall \\u2192 Opciones\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[\"Desmarcar \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:'\"Bloquear todas las conexiones entrantes\"'})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[\"Asegurar que \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:'\"Permitir autom\\xE1ticamente software integrado recibir conexiones entrantes\"'}),\" est\\xE9 marcado\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[\"Clic \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"+\"}),\" y agregar tu aplicaci\\xF3n VPN\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[\"Establecer a \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:'\"Permitir conexiones entrantes\"'})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Clic OK\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"M\\xE9todo de Terminal:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Verificar estado del firewall\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" /usr/libexec/ApplicationFirewall/socketfilterfw\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" --getglobalstate\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Agregar aplicaci\\xF3n VPN a lista permitida\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" /usr/libexec/ApplicationFirewall/socketfilterfw\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" --add\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" /Applications/NordVPN.app\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" /usr/libexec/ApplicationFirewall/socketfilterfw\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" --add\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" /Applications/ExpressVPN.app\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Recargar firewall\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" pkill\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -HUP\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" socketfilterfw\"})]})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.h3,{id:\"problema-83-software-antivirus-interfiriendo\",children:\"Problema 8.3: Software antivirus interfiriendo\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Culpables comunes:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Norton 360\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"McAfee Total Protection\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Bitdefender\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Kaspersky\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Avast/AVG\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Soluci\\xF3n gen\\xE9rica:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Abrir aplicaci\\xF3n antivirus\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Ajustes \\u2192 Firewall/Protecci\\xF3n de red\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Agregar aplicaci\\xF3n VPN a exclusiones/lista blanca\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Permitir puertos VPN (443, 1194, 51820, 500, 4500)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Desactivar escaneo SSL para tr\\xE1fico VPN\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Norton 360 espec\\xEDfico:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Norton \\u2192 Ajustes \\u2192 Firewall\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Control de programas \\u2192 Agregar\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Seleccionar aplicaci\\xF3n VPN \\u2192 Permitir\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Ajustes avanzados \\u2192 Reglas de tr\\xE1fico \\u2192 Permitir salida en todos los puertos\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Bitdefender espec\\xEDfico:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Bitdefender \\u2192 Protecci\\xF3n \\u2192 Firewall\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Ajustes \\u2192 Acceso de aplicaci\\xF3n \\u2192 Agregar\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Seleccionar aplicaci\\xF3n VPN \\u2192 Permitir\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Adaptador de red \\u2192 Seleccionar adaptador VPN (utun) \\u2192 Confiado\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.h2,{id:\"parte-9-decodificador-de-mensajes-de-error-y-soluciones\",children:\"Parte 9: Decodificador de mensajes de error y soluciones\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.h3,{id:\"mensajes-de-error-vpn-comunes\",children:\"Mensajes de error VPN comunes\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.img,{alt:\"Proceso de soluci\\xF3n de problemas y depuraci\\xF3n de errores\",src:\"/images/blog/macos-vpn-troubleshooting-guide-2025/error-troubleshooting.jpg\",width:\"1920\",height:\"1080\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:'Error 1: \"No acceptable proposal found\"'})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Significado\"}),\": Servidor VPN y cliente no pueden acordar par\\xE1metros de encriptaci\\xF3n.\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Causa ra\\xEDz\"}),\": macOS Tahoe 26 elimin\\xF3 algoritmos de encriptaci\\xF3n d\\xE9biles (3DES, SHA1, grupos DH d\\xE9biles).\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Soluci\\xF3n:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Actualizar cliente VPN a \\xFAltima versi\\xF3n\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Contactar IT/proveedor VPN para actualizar configuraci\\xF3n del servidor\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Para VPNs corporativas: Actualizar a IKEv2 con AES-256-GCM, SHA256, DH Group 14+\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Soluci\\xF3n temporal\"}),\" (avanzado, reduce seguridad):\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Solo para VPN integrada de macOS\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" nano\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" /Library/Preferences/SystemConfiguration/preferences.plist\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Agregar bajo diccionario IPSec:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\"<\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\"key\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\">\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\"ProposalsBehavior\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\"<\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\"/key\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\">\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\"<\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\"string\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\">\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\"Claim\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\"<\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\"/string\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\">\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\"<\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\"key\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\">\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\"RemoteAddress\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\"<\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\"/key\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\">\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\"<\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\"string\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\">\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\"TU_SERVIDOR_VPN\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\"<\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\"/string\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\">\"})]})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:'Error 2: \"Certificate trust validation failed\"'})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Significado\"}),\": Certificado del servidor VPN no cumple requisitos de seguridad de macOS.\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Soluci\\xF3n A: Confiar en certificado manualmente\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Obtener certificado del servidor VPN (reemplazar vpn.example.com)\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\"echo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\" |\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\" openssl\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" s_client\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -connect\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" vpn.example.com:443\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\" 2>\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\"/dev/null\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\" |\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\" openssl\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" x509\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\" >\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" ~/Desktop/vpn-cert.pem\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Importar y confiar\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" security\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" add-trusted-cert\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -d\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -r\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" trustRoot\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -k\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" /Library/Keychains/System.keychain\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" ~/Desktop/vpn-cert.pem\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Verificar confianza\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"security\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" verify-cert\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -c\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" ~/Desktop/vpn-cert.pem\"})]})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Soluci\\xF3n B: Instalar certificado CA ra\\xEDz\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:\"Si tu organizaci\\xF3n usa CA interna:\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Obtener certificado CA ra\\xEDz de IT\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Hacer doble clic para importar a Keychain\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Acceso a Llaveros \\u2192 Sistema \\u2192 Encontrar certificado CA\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Clic derecho \\u2192 Obtener informaci\\xF3n \\u2192 Confianza \\u2192 Confiar siempre\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Cerrar (autenticar cuando se solicite)\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:'Error 3: \"The VPN server did not respond\"'})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Diagn\\xF3stico:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Probar conectividad al servidor VPN\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"ping\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" vpn.example.com\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Probar puertos VPN espec\\xEDficos\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"nc\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -zv\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" vpn.example.com\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 443\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"nc\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -zv\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" vpn.example.com\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 1194\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"nc\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -zv\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" vpn.example.com\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 500\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Verificar resoluci\\xF3n DNS\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"nslookup\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" vpn.example.com\"})]})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Soluci\\xF3n:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Servidor puede estar ca\\xEDdo (contactar proveedor/IT)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Firewall bloqueando puertos VPN (ver Parte 8)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Direcci\\xF3n de servidor incorrecta en configuraci\\xF3n\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"ISP bloqueando tr\\xE1fico VPN (intentar diferente puerto/protocolo)\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:'Error 4: \"Authentication failed - user cancelled\"'})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Significado\"}),\": Acceso a keychain del sistema denegado o credenciales no almacenadas.\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Soluci\\xF3n:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Restablecer permisos de keychain\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" security\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" unlock-keychain\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" ~/Library/Keychains/login.keychain-db\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Si corrupto, reconstruir keychain (ADVERTENCIA: pierde contrase\\xF1as guardadas)\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"mv\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" ~/Library/Keychains/login.keychain-db\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" ~/Desktop/keychain-backup\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# El sistema crear\\xE1 nuevo keychain en siguiente inicio de sesi\\xF3n\"})})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Para aplicaciones VPN usando Keychain:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Acceso a Llaveros \\u2192 Login \\u2192 Contrase\\xF1as\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Encontrar entrada de aplicaci\\xF3n VPN\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Clic derecho \\u2192 Obtener informaci\\xF3n \\u2192 Control de acceso\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:'Seleccionar \"Permitir a todas las aplicaciones acceder a este elemento\"'}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Guardar cambios\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:'Error 5: \"Network Extension configuration is invalid\"'})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Significado\"}),\": Configuraci\\xF3n de extensi\\xF3n del sistema de aplicaci\\xF3n VPN corrupta.\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Soluci\\xF3n:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Eliminar todas las configuraciones de network extension\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" rm\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -rf\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" /Library/Preferences/com.apple.networkextension.\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\"*\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" rm\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -rf\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" ~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.networkextension.\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\"*\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Restablecer base de datos de network extensions\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" launchctl\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" kickstart\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -k\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" system/com.apple.NetworkExtension\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Reinstalar aplicaci\\xF3n VPN\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# 1. Desinstalar aplicaci\\xF3n VPN actual completamente\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# 2. Reiniciar Mac\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# 3. Descargar instalador nuevo del sitio web del proveedor\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# 4. Instalar y configurar\"})})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:'Error 6: \"Operation timed out\"'})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Diagn\\xF3stico:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Aumentar timeout y reintentar conexi\\xF3n\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Para OpenVPN, editar archivo .ovpn:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"connect-timeout\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 60\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"connect-retry-max\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 5\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Probar con timeout aumentado\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"ping\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -t\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 10\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -c\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 5\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" vpn.example.com\"})]})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Soluci\\xF3n:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Congesti\\xF3n de red (intentar diferente hora del d\\xEDa)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Servidor VPN sobrecargado (intentar servidor diferente)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Tama\\xF1o MTU demasiado grande (ver Parte 3, Soluci\\xF3n 3.2)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Firewall descartando paquetes (ver Parte 8)\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.h2,{id:\"parte-10-t\\xE9cnicas-avanzadas-de-soluci\\xF3n-de-problemas\",children:\"Parte 10: T\\xE9cnicas avanzadas de soluci\\xF3n de problemas\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.h3,{id:\"t\\xE9cnica-101-an\\xE1lisis-de-captura-de-paquetes\",children:\"T\\xE9cnica 10.1: An\\xE1lisis de captura de paquetes\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Cu\\xE1ndo usar\"}),\": Problemas de conexi\\xF3n sin mensajes de error claros.\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Capturar tr\\xE1fico VPN:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Instalar Wireshark\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"brew\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" install\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" --cask\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" wireshark\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Encontrar tu interfaz de red\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"ifconfig\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\" |\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\" grep\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -A\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 1\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:' \"en0\\\\|en1\"'})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Iniciar captura de paquetes (VPN desconectada)\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" tcpdump\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -i\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" en0\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -w\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" ~/Desktop/vpn-before.pcap\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Dejar correr por 30 segundos, luego Ctrl+C\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Conectar VPN, iniciar otra captura\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" tcpdump\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -i\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" utun2\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -w\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" ~/Desktop/vpn-connected.pcap\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Analizar capturas en Wireshark\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"open\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -a\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" Wireshark\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" ~/Desktop/vpn-before.pcap\"})]})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Qu\\xE9 buscar:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Consultas DNS yendo a servidor incorrecto = Filtraci\\xF3n DNS\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Tr\\xE1fico no encriptado en utun = Fallo de encriptaci\\xF3n\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:'ICMP \"Fragmentation Needed\" = MTU demasiado grande'}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Retransmisiones TCP = P\\xE9rdida de paquetes\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.h3,{id:\"t\\xE9cnica-102-an\\xE1lisis-de-logs-del-sistema\",children:\"T\\xE9cnica 10.2: An\\xE1lisis de logs del sistema\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Monitoreo de logs VPN en tiempo real:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Monitorear todos los logs relacionados con VPN\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" log\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" stream\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" --predicate\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:` '(process == \"nesessionmanager\") || (process == \"VPNService\") || (subsystem == \"com.apple.networkextension\")'`}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" --level\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" debug\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Monitorear aplicaci\\xF3n VPN espec\\xEDfica (reemplazar con nombre de tu aplicaci\\xF3n)\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" log\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" stream\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" --predicate\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:` 'process CONTAINS \"nordvpn\"'`}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" --level\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" debug\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Guardar logs a archivo para an\\xE1lisis posterior\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" log\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" show\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" --predicate\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:` 'process == \"nesessionmanager\"'`}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" --last\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" 30m\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\" >\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" ~/Desktop/vpn-logs.txt\"})]})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Patrones de log comunes:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:'\"Failed to establish IKE SA\" = Negociaci\\xF3n IKEv2 fallida'})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Verificar compatibilidad de algoritmo de encriptaci\\xF3n\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:'\"DNS resolution failed\" = Problema DNS'})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Corregir configuraci\\xF3n DNS (ver Parte 4)\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:'\"Network extension sandbox violation\" = Permiso denegado'})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Otorgar acceso completo al disco (ver Parte 2)\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.h3,{id:\"t\\xE9cnica-103-restablecer-todos-los-ajustes-de-red-opci\\xF3n-nuclear\",children:\"T\\xE9cnica 10.3: Restablecer todos los ajustes de red (opci\\xF3n nuclear)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"\\u26A0\\uFE0F Advertencia\"}),\": Esto borrar\\xE1 TODAS las configuraciones de red incluyendo:\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Contrase\\xF1as Wi-Fi\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Configuraciones VPN\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Emparejamientos Bluetooth\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Ubicaciones de red\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Reglas de firewall\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Respaldar antes de restablecer:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Respaldar configuraciones de red\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" cp\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -R\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" /Library/Preferences/SystemConfiguration/\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" ~/Desktop/NetworkBackup/\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Respaldar redes Wi-Fi conocidas\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" cp\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" /Library/Preferences/SystemConfiguration/com.apple.wifi.message-tracer.plist\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" ~/Desktop/\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Respaldar configuraciones VPN\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"cp\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" ~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.networkextension.\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\"*\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" ~/Desktop/VPNBackup/\"})]})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Restablecimiento completo de red:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Eliminar todas las configuraciones de red\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" rm\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -rf\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" /Library/Preferences/SystemConfiguration/NetworkInterfaces.plist\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" rm\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -rf\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" /Library/Preferences/SystemConfiguration/preferences.plist\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" rm\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -rf\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" /Library/Preferences/SystemConfiguration/com.apple.network.identification.plist\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" rm\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -rf\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" /Library/Preferences/SystemConfiguration/com.apple.airport.preferences.plist\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" rm\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -rf\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" /Library/Preferences/com.apple.networkextension.control.plist\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" rm\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -rf\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" ~/Library/Preferences/com.apple.networkextension.\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\"*\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Reiniciar Mac\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" reboot\"})]})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Despu\\xE9s del reinicio:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Reconfigurar conexiones Wi-Fi\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Reinstalar aplicaciones VPN\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Reconfigurar ajustes de red\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.h3,{id:\"t\\xE9cnica-104-probar-con-red-alternativa\",children:\"T\\xE9cnica 10.4: Probar con red alternativa\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Aislar problemas de red vs. sistema:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Probar VPN en diferentes redes:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# 1. Wi-Fi de casa\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# 2. Hotspot m\\xF3vil (iPhone/Android)\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# 3. Wi-Fi p\\xFAblico (cafeter\\xEDa, biblioteca)\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# 4. Ethernet por cable (si est\\xE1 disponible)\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Si VPN funciona en algunas redes pero no en otras:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# = Problema espec\\xEDfico de red (router, ISP, firewall)\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Si VPN falla en TODAS las redes:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# = Problema del sistema macOS o cliente VPN\"})})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Prueba de hotspot m\\xF3vil:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Activar Hotspot personal en iPhone\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Conectar Mac a hotspot de iPhone\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Probar conexi\\xF3n VPN\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Si exitoso \\u2192 Red de casa/ISP est\\xE1 bloqueando VPN\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Si falla \\u2192 Problema de macOS o cliente VPN\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Prueba de Ethernet:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Verificar conectividad Ethernet\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"ifconfig\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\" |\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\" grep\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -A\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 5\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" en1\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"  # o en0 para algunos Macs\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Establecer Ethernet como interfaz de red principal\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"networksetup\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -ordernetworkservices\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:' \"Ethernet\"'}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:' \"Wi-Fi\"'})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Probar VPN sobre Ethernet\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Si funciona \\u2192 Problema de interferencia Wi-Fi\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Si falla \\u2192 No es espec\\xEDfico de red\"})})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.h2,{id:\"parte-11-soluci\\xF3n-de-problemas-espec\\xEDfica-del-proveedor\",children:\"Parte 11: Soluci\\xF3n de problemas espec\\xEDfica del proveedor\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.h3,{id:\"problemas-de-nordvpn-en-macos\",children:\"Problemas de NordVPN en macOS\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Problema: Protocolo NordLynx no conecta\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Verificar estado del servicio NordVPN\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"ps\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" aux\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\" |\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\" grep\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -i\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" nordvpn\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Restablecer configuraci\\xF3n NordVPN\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"rm\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -rf\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" ~/Library/Application\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\"\\\\ \"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\"Support/com.nordvpn.macos/\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"rm\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -rf\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" ~/Library/Preferences/com.nordvpn.macos.plist\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Reiniciar aplicaci\\xF3n NordVPN\"})})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:'Problema: \"Unable to connect to NordVPN service\"'})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Reiniciar daemon NordVPN\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" launchctl\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" unload\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" /Library/LaunchDaemons/com.nordvpn.macos.helper.plist\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" launchctl\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" load\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" /Library/LaunchDaemons/com.nordvpn.macos.helper.plist\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Otorgar permisos si es necesario\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" chmod\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 755\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" /Library/PrivilegedHelperTools/com.nordvpn.macos.helper\"})]})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Problemas de kill switch de NordVPN:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"NordVPN \\u2192 Preferencias \\u2192 Kill Switch \\u2192 Desactivar\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Reconectar VPN\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Si exitoso, reactivar Kill Switch\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Si a\\xFAn falla:\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Restablecer reglas de firewall\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" /usr/libexec/ApplicationFirewall/socketfilterfw\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" --setglobalstate\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" off\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" /usr/libexec/ApplicationFirewall/socketfilterfw\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" --setglobalstate\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" on\"})]})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.h3,{id:\"problemas-de-expressvpn-en-macos\",children:\"Problemas de ExpressVPN en macOS\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Problema: Protocolo Lightway fallando\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"ExpressVPN \\u2192 Opciones \\u2192 Protocolo \\u2192 Autom\\xE1tico (en lugar de Lightway)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"O intentar OpenVPN UDP manualmente\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[\"Si Autom\\xE1tico funciona pero Lightway no:\",`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Actualizar ExpressVPN a \\xFAltima versi\\xF3n (12.8+ para Tahoe 26)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Contactar soporte ExpressVPN para soluci\\xF3n de problemas de Lightway\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`]}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Problema: Network Lock (kill switch) bloqueando internet\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Desactivar Network Lock v\\xEDa Terminal\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"/Applications/ExpressVPN.app/Contents/MacOS/ExpressVPN\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" disable-network-lock\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Reconectar VPN\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Reactivar si es necesario\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"/Applications/ExpressVPN.app/Contents/MacOS/ExpressVPN\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" enable-network-lock\"})]})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Problemas de activaci\\xF3n de ExpressVPN:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Limpiar cach\\xE9 de activaci\\xF3n\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"rm\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" ~/Library/Application\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\"\\\\ \"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\"Support/com.expressvpn.expressvpn-ui/activation_data\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Restablecer ajustes de ExpressVPN\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"defaults\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" delete\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" com.expressvpn.expressvpn-ui\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Relanzar y reactivar\"})})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.h3,{id:\"problemas-de-surfshark-en-macos\",children:\"Problemas de Surfshark en macOS\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Problema: Protocolo WireGuard desconectando\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Surfshark \\u2192 Ajustes \\u2192 Ajustes VPN \\u2192 Protocolo \\u2192 IKEv2\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Probar conexi\\xF3n\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Si estable con IKEv2, problema es espec\\xEDfico de WireGuard\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Contactar soporte Surfshark para soluci\\xF3n de problemas de WireGuard\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Problema: Bypasser (split tunneling) no funciona\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Causa ra\\xEDz\"}),\": Limitaciones de API de macOS 11+ previenen split tunneling tradicional.\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Soluci\\xF3n\"}),\": Usar Bypasser basado en aplicaci\\xF3n de Surfshark:\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Ajustes \\u2192 Ajustes VPN \\u2192 Bypasser \\u2192 Activar\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Elegir aplicaciones a excluir de VPN\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Agregar: Safari.app, Chrome.app, o aplicaciones de trabajo espec\\xEDficas\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Reconectar VPN\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Nota\"}),\": Solo aplicaciones pueden omitirse, no rangos IP o sitios web.\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"CleanWeb de Surfshark causando problemas DNS:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Ajustes \\u2192 Funciones \\u2192 CleanWeb \\u2192 Desactivar\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Usar bloqueador de anuncios basado en navegador en su lugar (uBlock Origin)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Reconectar VPN\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.h3,{id:\"problemas-de-private-internet-access-pia\",children:\"Problemas de Private Internet Access (PIA)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Problema: Alto uso de CPU\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:\"La implementaci\\xF3n OpenVPN de PIA puede usar CPU excesiva en macOS.\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Soluci\\xF3n\"}),\": Cambiar a protocolo WireGuard:\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Ajustes PIA \\u2192 Protocolo \\u2192 WireGuard\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Conexi\\xF3n \\u2192 Reconectar\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Monitorear uso de CPU en Monitor de Actividad\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Uso de CPU esperado:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"WireGuard: 1-3% durante uso activo\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"OpenVPN: 5-15% durante uso activo\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Problema: PIA MACE (bloqueador de anuncios) bloqueando sitios web\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Ajustes \\u2192 Privacidad \\u2192 PIA MACE \\u2192 Desactivar\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Usar extensi\\xF3n de navegador para bloqueo de anuncios\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Reconectar a VPN\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.h3,{id:\"problemas-de-protonvpn-en-macos\",children:\"Problemas de ProtonVPN en macOS\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Problema: Protocolo IKEv2 deprecado\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Soluci\\xF3n\"}),\": ProtonVPN est\\xE1 movi\\xE9ndose a solo WireGuard:\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"ProtonVPN \\u2192 Preferencias \\u2192 Conexi\\xF3n \\u2192 Protocolo \\u2192 WireGuard\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Reconectar VPN\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"IKEv2/OpenVPN ser\\xE1 completamente eliminado para Q2 2026\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Problema: Secure Core extremadamente lento\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Causa ra\\xEDz\"}),\": Secure Core enruta a trav\\xE9s de 2 servidores para privacidad mejorada.\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Soluci\\xF3n para velocidad:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[\"Desactivar Secure Core para uso normal:\",`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Preferencias \\u2192 Funciones \\u2192 Secure Core \\u2192 Desactivar\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Solo activar cuando se necesite m\\xE1xima privacidad (denuncias, periodismo)\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"L\\xEDmites de velocidad de nivel gratuito de ProtonVPN:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:\"Nivel gratuito limitado a 3 pa\\xEDses y velocidades m\\xE1s lentas:\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Gratuito: 1-5 Mbps t\\xEDpico\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Plus: 100+ Mbps t\\xEDpico\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:\"Actualizar a Plus para velocidad completa.\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.h2,{id:\"parte-12-preguntas-frecuentes-faq\",children:\"Parte 12: Preguntas frecuentes (FAQ)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"P1: \\xBFPor qu\\xE9 mi VPN dej\\xF3 de funcionar despu\\xE9s de actualizar a macOS Tahoe 26?\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"R\"}),\": macOS Tahoe 26 elimin\\xF3 soporte para algoritmos de encriptaci\\xF3n heredados (3DES, SHA1, grupos Diffie-Hellman d\\xE9biles) y deprec\\xF3 IKEv1. Actualiza tu aplicaci\\xF3n VPN a la \\xFAltima versi\\xF3n que soporta encriptaci\\xF3n moderna (AES-256-GCM, SHA256, protocolos IKEv2/WireGuard).\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Correcci\\xF3n inmediata:\"}),\" Verificar actualizaciones de aplicaci\\xF3n VPN en App Store o sitio web del proveedor, instalar \\xFAltima versi\\xF3n, y reiniciar Mac.\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.hr,{}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"P2: \\xBFC\\xF3mo s\\xE9 si mi VPN realmente est\\xE1 funcionando y no filtrando mi IP real?\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"R\"}),\": Probar con m\\xFAltiples herramientas de detecci\\xF3n de filtraciones:\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Probar desde Terminal\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"curl\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" https://api.ipify.org\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"  # Deber\\xEDa mostrar IP de VPN\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Abrir pruebas de filtraci\\xF3n en navegador\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"open\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" https://www.dnsleaktest.com/\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"open\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" https://ipleak.net/\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"open\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" https://browserleaks.com/webrtc\"})]})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Resultados esperados:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"\\u2705 IP coincide con ubicaci\\xF3n de servidor VPN\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"\\u2705 Servidores DNS pertenecen a proveedor VPN\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"\\u2705 No se muestra direcci\\xF3n IPv6 (o coincide con IPv6 de VPN)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"\\u2705 WebRTC muestra solo IP de VPN\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Si se detectan filtraciones:\"}),\" Ver \",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:\"#parte-5-prevenci%C3%B3n-de-filtraci%C3%B3n-dns-y-configuraci%C3%B3n\",children:\"Parte 5: Prevenci\\xF3n de filtraci\\xF3n DNS\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.hr,{}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"P3: \\xBFPor qu\\xE9 mi VPN es tan lenta en Mac pero r\\xE1pida en iPhone?\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"R\"}),\": Causas comunes espec\\xEDficas de macOS:\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Tama\\xF1o MTU no optimizado\"}),\" \\u2192 Ver \",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:\"#soluci%C3%B3n-63-optimizaci%C3%B3n-mtu-para-m%C3%A1xima-velocidad\",children:\"Parte 6, Soluci\\xF3n 6.3\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Ineficiencia de protocolo\"}),\" \\u2192 Cambiar a WireGuard (m\\xE1s r\\xE1pido)\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Procesos en segundo plano\"}),\" \\u2192 Desactivar Time Machine, sincronizaci\\xF3n iCloud durante uso VPN\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Selecci\\xF3n de servidor\"}),\" \\u2192 Usar servidor de proximidad geogr\\xE1fica\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Sobrecarga de encriptaci\\xF3n en Macs Intel\"}),\" \\u2192 Macs serie M tienen aceleraci\\xF3n de hardware\"]}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Prueba r\\xE1pida de velocidad:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Instalar speedtest-cli\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"brew\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" install\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" speedtest-cli\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Probar sin VPN\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"speedtest-cli\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" --simple\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Conectar VPN, esperar 30s, probar de nuevo\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"speedtest-cli\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" --simple\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# >60% de p\\xE9rdida de velocidad = investigar m\\xE1s\"})})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.hr,{}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"P4: \\xBFPuedo usar una VPN con iCloud Private Relay al mismo tiempo?\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"R\"}),\": \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"No, conflict\\xFAan\"}),\". iCloud Private Relay es un servicio a nivel del sistema que enruta tr\\xE1fico de Safari a trav\\xE9s de servidores proxy de Apple. Cuando VPN est\\xE1 conectada, conflictos de enrutamiento causan fallos de conexi\\xF3n.\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Soluci\\xF3n\"}),\": Desactivar iCloud Private Relay antes de conectar VPN:\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Ajustes del Sistema \\u2192 ID de Apple \\u2192 iCloud \\u2192 Private Relay \\u2192 Desactivar\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Conectar VPN\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:'O desactivar solo en Safari: Safari \\u2192 Ajustes \\u2192 Privacidad \\u2192 Desmarcar \"Ocultar direcci\\xF3n IP\"'}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Por qu\\xE9 conflict\\xFAan:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"VPN quiere enrutar TODO el tr\\xE1fico a trav\\xE9s de su t\\xFAnel\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Private Relay quiere enrutar tr\\xE1fico web a trav\\xE9s de servidores de Apple\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"macOS no puede priorizar ambos simult\\xE1neamente\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.hr,{}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"P5: \\xBFPor qu\\xE9 mi VPN se desconecta cada vez que pongo mi Mac en reposo?\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"R\"}),\": macOS suspende conexiones de red durante reposo para conservar bater\\xEDa.\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Soluciones:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Para aplicaciones VPN de terceros:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:'Activar \"Autoreconectar\" en ajustes de aplicaci\\xF3n VPN'}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"NordVPN: Ajustes \\u2192 Autoconectar \\u2192 Activar\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"ExpressVPN: Opciones \\u2192 General \\u2192 Conectar al inicio\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Surfshark: Ajustes \\u2192 Autoconectar \\u2192 Redes Wi-Fi\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Para VPN integrada de macOS:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Ajustes del Sistema \\u2192 Red \\u2192 VPN \\u2192 Detalles \\u2192 Avanzado\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Opciones \\u2192 Opciones de sesi\\xF3n\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:'Marcar: \"Reconectar si conexi\\xF3n VPN se desconecta\"'}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:'Marcar: \"Desconectar cuando el usuario cierra sesi\\xF3n\" (DESMARCAR esto)'}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:'Marcar: \"Enviar todo el tr\\xE1fico por conexi\\xF3n VPN\"'}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Prevenir que Mac entre en reposo mientras VPN conectada:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Instalar caffeinate (integrado)\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Crear alias en ~/.zshrc:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\"alias\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292E\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#E1E4E8\"},children:\" vpnwake\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\"=\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\"'caffeinate -d &'\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Usar cuando VPN cr\\xEDtica:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"vpnwake\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Conectar VPN\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Mac no entrar\\xE1 en reposo hasta que ejecutes: killall caffeinate\"})})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.hr,{}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"P6: \\xBFCu\\xE1l es el protocolo VPN m\\xE1s seguro para macOS en 2025?\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"R\"}),\": \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"WireGuard\"}),\" es el est\\xE1ndar de oro actual:\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Ranking de seguridad de protocolos (2025):\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[\"\\u2705 \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"WireGuard\"}),\" (encriptaci\\xF3n ChaCha20-Poly1305, criptograf\\xEDa moderna, auditado)\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[\"\\u2705 \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"IKEv2\"}),\" con AES-256-GCM (nativo macOS, muy seguro)\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[\"\\u26A0\\uFE0F \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"OpenVPN\"}),\" con AES-256-CBC (seguro pero protocolo envejeciendo)\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[\"\\u274C \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"L2TP/IPSec\"}),\" (deprecado, evitar para nuevas configuraciones)\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[\"\\u274C \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"PPTP\"}),\" (completamente inseguro, nunca usar)\"]}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Por qu\\xE9 WireGuard gana:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Primitivas criptogr\\xE1ficas modernas\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Superficie de ataque m\\xE1s peque\\xF1a (~4,000 l\\xEDneas de c\\xF3digo vs. 70,000+ para OpenVPN)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Auditado por m\\xFAltiples firmas de seguridad\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Rendimiento m\\xE1s r\\xE1pido (aceleraci\\xF3n de hardware en Macs serie M)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Perfect forward secrecy\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Proveedores VPN que ofrecen WireGuard:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"NordVPN (NordLynx = implementaci\\xF3n WireGuard)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Surfshark\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Private Internet Access\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"ProtonVPN (solo WireGuard para Q2 2026)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Mullvad\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"IVPN\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.hr,{}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"P7: \\xBFC\\xF3mo soluciono problemas de VPN corporativa con Cisco AnyConnect?\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"R\"}),\": Ver \",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:\"#soluci%C3%B3n-71-problemas-de-cisco-anyconnect\",children:\"Parte 7, Soluci\\xF3n 7.1\"}),\" para soluci\\xF3n completa de problemas de Cisco.\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Correcciones r\\xE1pidas:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Actualizar a AnyConnect 5.1.4.29+ (compatible con Tahoe 26)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Otorgar acceso completo al disco: Ajustes del Sistema \\u2192 Privacidad y Seguridad \\u2192 Acceso completo al disco \\u2192 Agregar Cisco AnyConnect\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Importar certificado actualizado de IT (debe tener campo SAN)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[\"Limpiar cach\\xE9 de AnyConnect: \",(0,i.jsx)(e.code,{children:\"sudo rm -rf ~/Library/Application\\\\ Support/Cisco/Cisco\\\\ AnyConnect*\"})]}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Si Mac administrado por IT:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Contactar help desk de IT - pueden necesitar actualizar configuraci\\xF3n del servidor o perfil MDM\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.hr,{}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"P8: \\xBFPuedo usar archivos de configuraci\\xF3n OpenVPN (.ovpn) con VPN nativa de macOS?\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"R\"}),\": \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"No\"}),\", VPN nativa de macOS solo soporta:\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"IKEv2/IPSec\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Cisco IPSec\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"L2TP/IPSec (deprecado)\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Para archivos .ovpn, usar clientes de terceros:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Clientes OpenVPN recomendados para macOS:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Tunnelblick\"}),\" (gratuito, c\\xF3digo abierto) - \",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:\"https://tunnelblick.net/\",children:\"https://tunnelblick.net/\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Viscosity\"}),\" ($14, UI pulida) - \",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:\"https://www.sparklabs.com/viscosity/\",children:\"https://www.sparklabs.com/viscosity/\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Shimo\"}),\" ($99, funciones empresariales) - \",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:\"https://www.shimovpn.com/\",children:\"https://www.shimovpn.com/\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"OpenVPN Connect\"}),\" (oficial, gratuito) - App Store\"]}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Configuraci\\xF3n r\\xE1pida con Tunnelblick:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Instalar v\\xEDa Homebrew\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"brew\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" install\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" --cask\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" tunnelblick\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Importar archivo .ovpn\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"open\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -a\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" Tunnelblick\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" tuarchivo.ovpn\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# O arrastrar archivo .ovpn a \\xEDcono de Tunnelblick en barra de men\\xFA\"})})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.hr,{}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"P9: \\xBFPor qu\\xE9 no puedo acceder a dispositivos de red local (impresora, NAS) cuando VPN est\\xE1 conectada?\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"R\"}),\": VPN enruta TODO el tr\\xE1fico a trav\\xE9s del t\\xFAnel, incluyendo tr\\xE1fico de red local.\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Soluci\\xF3n: Split tunneling o rutas manuales\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Opci\\xF3n A: Usar VPN con split tunneling\"}),\" (soporte limitado en macOS):\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Surfshark\"}),\": Split tunneling completo v\\xEDa funci\\xF3n Bypasser\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Private Internet Access\"}),\": Split tunneling (reagregado marzo 2024)\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"La mayor\\xEDa de otros proveedores: \\u274C Ya no soportan split tunneling en macOS 11+\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Opci\\xF3n B: Exclusi\\xF3n manual de rutas\"}),\" (funciona con cualquier VPN):\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Encontrar subred local\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"ifconfig\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\" |\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\" grep\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:' \"inet \"'}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\" |\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\" grep\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 192.168\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Agregar ruta (reemplazar 192.168.1.0 con tu subred)\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" route\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" add\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -net\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" 192.168.1.0/24\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" 192.168.1.1\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Ahora dispositivos locales accesibles mientras VPN conectada\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Probar: ping 192.168.1.x (IP de tu impresora/NAS)\"})})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[\"Ver \",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:\"#problema-43-recursos-de-red-local-inaccesibles-se-necesita-split-tunneling\",children:\"Parte 4, Soluci\\xF3n 4.3\"}),\" para configuraci\\xF3n de ruta permanente.\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.hr,{}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"P10: \\xBFQu\\xE9 protocolo VPN deber\\xEDa usar para juegos/streaming vs. privacidad vs. velocidad?\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"R\"}),\": Diferentes casos de uso requieren diferentes prioridades:\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Para m\\xE1xima velocidad (juegos, streaming):\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[\"Protocolo: \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"WireGuard\"}),\" o \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"IKEv2 UDP\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Servidor: Proximidad geogr\\xE1fica (< 500km)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Desactivar: Kill switch, multi-hop, ofuscaci\\xF3n\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"P\\xE9rdida de velocidad esperada: 10-25%\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Para m\\xE1xima privacidad (torrents, investigaci\\xF3n sensible):\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[\"Protocolo: \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"WireGuard\"}),\" con cifrado fuerte\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Servidor: Multi-hop si est\\xE1 disponible (ProtonVPN Secure Core)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Activar: Kill switch, protecci\\xF3n contra filtraci\\xF3n DNS, desactivar IPv6\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"P\\xE9rdida de velocidad esperada: 40-70%\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Para omitir restricciones (China, Ir\\xE1n, corporativo):\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[\"Protocolo: \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"OpenVPN TCP puerto 443\"}),\" (disfrazado como HTTPS)\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Servidor: Servidores ofuscados si est\\xE1n disponibles\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Activar: Modo Stealth/Camuflaje\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"P\\xE9rdida de velocidad esperada: 50-80%\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Para privacidad general (navegaci\\xF3n web, trabajo):\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[\"Protocolo: \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"WireGuard\"}),\" o \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"IKEv2\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Servidor: Mismo pa\\xEDs que t\\xFA\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Activar: Protecci\\xF3n contra filtraci\\xF3n DNS, desactivar IPv6\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"P\\xE9rdida de velocidad esperada: 15-35%\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.hr,{}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"P11: \\xBFC\\xF3mo fuerzo aplicaciones a solo funcionar cuando VPN est\\xE1 conectada (kill switch)?\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"R\"}),\": Usar kill switch integrado o reglas manuales de firewall.\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Opci\\xF3n A: Kill switch de aplicaci\\xF3n VPN\"}),\" (recomendado):\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"NordVPN:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Ajustes \\u2192 Kill Switch \\u2192 Activar\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"ExpressVPN:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Opciones \\u2192 Avanzado \\u2192 Network Lock \\u2192 Activar\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Surfshark:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Ajustes \\u2192 Ajustes VPN \\u2192 Kill Switch \\u2192 Activar\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Opci\\xF3n B: Kill switch manual de firewall\"}),\" (todas las VPNs):\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Bloquear todo el tr\\xE1fico EXCEPTO a trav\\xE9s de interfaz VPN (utun)\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# ADVERTENCIA: Esto te desconectar\\xE1 de internet si VPN cae\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" pfctl\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -ef\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" -\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\" <<\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" 'EOF'\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\"# Definir interfaz VPN (usualmente utun2 o utun3)\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:'vpn_if = \"utun2\"'})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\"# Bloquear todo el tr\\xE1fico saliente por defecto\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\"block out all\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\"# Permitir tr\\xE1fico solo a trav\\xE9s de interfaz VPN\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\"pass out on $vpn_if all\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\"pass in on $vpn_if all\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\"# Permitir acceso a red local\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\"pass out on en0 inet proto {tcp, udp} from any to 192.168.0.0/16\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\"pass out on en0 inet proto {tcp, udp} from any to 10.0.0.0/8\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\"# Permitir DNS solo a DNS de VPN\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\"pass out on $vpn_if inet proto udp from any to any port 53\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\"EOF\"})})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Desactivar kill switch:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsx)(e.code,{children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sudo\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" pfctl\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -d\"})]})})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Hacer permanente:\"}),\" Guardar reglas en \",(0,i.jsx)(e.code,{children:\"/etc/pf.anchors/vpn.killswitch\"}),\" y cargar v\\xEDa \",(0,i.jsx)(e.code,{children:\"/etc/pf.conf\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.hr,{}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:'P12: Mi trabajo requiere que est\\xE9 \"en la red de la oficina\" - \\xBFqu\\xE9 tipo de VPN necesito?'})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"R\"}),\": Necesitas una \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"VPN de sitio a sitio\"}),\" o \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"VPN de acceso remoto corporativo\"}),\", no una VPN de privacidad comercial como NordVPN.\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Soluciones de VPN corporativa:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Cisco AnyConnect\"}),\" - VPN empresarial m\\xE1s com\\xFAn\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Fortinet FortiClient\"}),\" - Usado por muchas empresas\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Palo Alto GlobalProtect\"}),\" - Empresas de alta seguridad\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"SonicWall Mobile Connect\"}),\" - Com\\xFAn en SMB\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"OpenVPN Access Server\"}),\" - Opci\\xF3n autohospedada\"]}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Lo que las VPNs de privacidad NO PUEDEN hacer:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"\\u274C Darte acceso a servidores internos de empresa\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"\\u274C Hacerte aparecer en red de oficina\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"\\u274C Autenticar con Active Directory/LDAP\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"\\u274C Acceder a SharePoint/servidores de archivos\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Lo que T\\xDA necesitas hacer:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Contactar tu departamento IT\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Solicitar acceso VPN y credenciales\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Descargar cliente VPN aprobado por empresa\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Instalar y configurar con soporte IT\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[\"Ver \",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:\"#parte-7-soluciones-de-vpn-corporativa-y-empresarial\",children:\"Parte 7: Soluciones de VPN corporativa y empresarial\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.hr,{}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"P13: \\xBFEs seguro usar una VPN gratuita?\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"R\"}),\": \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Generalmente no\"}),\", con raras excepciones.\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Riesgos de VPNs gratuitas:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[\"\\u{1F6A8} \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Registro y venta de datos\"}),\" - 75% de VPNs gratuitas registran y venden datos de usuario\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[\"\\u{1F6A8} \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Inyecci\\xF3n de malware/adware\"}),\" - Muchos inyectan anuncios o malware en navegaci\\xF3n\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[\"\\u{1F6A8} \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Filtraciones IP/DNS\"}),\" - Implementaci\\xF3n de seguridad pobre\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[\"\\u{1F6A8} \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"L\\xEDmites de ancho de banda\"}),\" - T\\xEDpicamente 500MB-10GB/mes\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[\"\\u{1F6A8} \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Limitaci\\xF3n de velocidad\"}),\" - Velocidades extremadamente lentas\"]}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Excepciones de VPN gratuita seguras:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"ProtonVPN Free\"}),\" \\u2705\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Empresa de buena reputaci\\xF3n (ProtonMail)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Sin registro de datos\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Limitado: 3 pa\\xEDses, velocidades m\\xE1s lentas\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Bueno para: Necesidades ligeras de privacidad\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Windscribe Free\"}),\" \\u2705\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"10GB/mes gratuito\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Pol\\xEDtica de no registro\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Bueno para: Uso ocasional\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Cloudflare WARP\"}),\" \\u2705 (T\\xE9cnicamente no es una VPN)\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"DNS encriptado gratuito + proxy\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"No oculta IP de sitios web\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Bueno para: Solo privacidad DNS\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`]}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Nunca usar:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"\\u274C Hola VPN (red P2P, vende tu ancho de banda)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"\\u274C TouchVPN, SuperVPN, etc. (propiedad china, registro de datos)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"\\u274C Cualquier VPN con < 4.0 estrellas o < 10,000 rese\\xF1as\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Recomendaci\\xF3n\"}),\": Pagar por VPN de buena reputaci\\xF3n ($3-5/mes) para seguridad real:\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"NordVPN: $3.99/mes (plan 2 a\\xF1os)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Surfshark: $2.49/mes (plan 2 a\\xF1os)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Private Internet Access: $2.19/mes (plan 3 a\\xF1os)\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.hr,{}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"P14: \\xBFPuede mi ISP a\\xFAn ver lo que estoy haciendo cuando VPN est\\xE1 conectada?\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"R\"}),\": \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Visibilidad limitada\"}),\" - ven que est\\xE1s usando una VPN pero no qu\\xE9 est\\xE1s haciendo.\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Lo que ISP PUEDE ver cuando VPN conectada:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"\\u2705 Est\\xE1s conectado a un servidor VPN (direcci\\xF3n IP VPN)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"\\u2705 Cantidad de datos transferidos (pero no contenido)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"\\u2705 Marcas de tiempo de conexi\\xF3n (cu\\xE1ndo conectas/desconectas)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"\\u2705 Protocolo VPN (OpenVPN, WireGuard, IKEv2)\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Lo que ISP NO PUEDE ver:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"\\u274C Sitios web que visitas\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"\\u274C Contenido de tu tr\\xE1fico (encriptado)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"\\u274C Consultas DNS (si usas DNS de VPN)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"\\u274C Aplicaciones espec\\xEDficas que usas\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Para maximizar privacidad del ISP:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Usar DNS-over-HTTPS (DoH):\"})}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Encriptar consultas DNS\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Ajustes \\u2192 Red \\u2192 Detalles \\u2192 DNS \\u2192 Agregar:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# 1.1.1.1 (Cloudflare)\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# 1.0.0.1\"})})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{start:\"2\",children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Desactivar IPv6\"}),\" (previene filtraciones IPv6):\"]}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsx)(e.code,{children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"networksetup\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -setv6off\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" Wi-Fi\"})]})})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{start:\"3\",children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Usar protocolo WireGuard\"}),\" (m\\xE1s dif\\xEDcil de detectar como VPN)\"]}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Usar servidores ofuscados\"}),\" si ISP bloquea VPN:\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"NordVPN: Servidores especializados \\u2192 Ofuscados\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Surfshark: Modo Camuflaje\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"ProtonVPN: Protocolo Stealth\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`]}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.hr,{}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"P15: \\xBFPor qu\\xE9 algunos sitios web me bloquean cuando uso una VPN?\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"R\"}),\": Sitios web detectan direcciones IP de VPN y bloquean para prevenir:\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Omitir restricciones geogr\\xE1ficas (servicios de streaming)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Fraude de cuentas/bots\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Web scraping\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Omitir precios espec\\xEDficos de pa\\xEDs\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Sitios web que com\\xFAnmente bloquean VPNs:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Netflix, Hulu, Disney+, BBC iPlayer (streaming)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Sitios web bancarios (prevenci\\xF3n de fraude)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"PayPal, procesadores de pagos en l\\xEDnea\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Sitios web gubernamentales\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Algunas tiendas en l\\xEDnea\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Soluciones:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Opci\\xF3n 1: Direcci\\xF3n IP dedicada\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"NordVPN: $70/a\\xF1o complemento IP dedicada\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Surfshark: No disponible\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"PIA: $5/mes IP dedicada\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"TorGuard: IPs dedicadas de streaming\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Opci\\xF3n 2: Servidores VPN residenciales\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"TorGuard: IPs de streaming residenciales\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Smartproxy VPN: Proxies residenciales\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Opci\\xF3n 3: Desactivar VPN para sitios espec\\xEDficos\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Usar Bypasser de Surfshark para excluir aplicaciones espec\\xEDficas\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Split tunneling manual (ver Parte 4, Soluci\\xF3n 4.3)\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Opci\\xF3n 4: Intentar diferentes servidores VPN\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Servicios de streaming bloquean IPs de VPN conocidas\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Intentar 3-5 servidores diferentes en mismo pa\\xEDs\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Servidores m\\xE1s nuevos menos probabilidad de estar bloqueados\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Opci\\xF3n 5: Usar servidores ofuscados/Stealth\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Hace que tr\\xE1fico VPN parezca HTTPS regular\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"NordVPN: Servidores ofuscados\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Surfshark: Modo NoBorders\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"TorGuard: Stealth VPN\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.hr,{}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"P16: \\xBFC\\xF3mo configuro una VPN para conectar autom\\xE1ticamente cuando me uno a Wi-Fi p\\xFAblico?\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"R\"}),\": Usar funci\\xF3n de autoconectar de aplicaci\\xF3n VPN o automatizaci\\xF3n de macOS.\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Opci\\xF3n A: Autoconectar de aplicaci\\xF3n VPN\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"NordVPN:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Ajustes \\u2192 Autoconectar \\u2192 Activar\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:'Elegir: \"En Wi-Fi\" o \"En Wi-Fi y Ethernet\"'}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Opcional: Agregar redes confiables (Wi-Fi de casa) para excluir\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"ExpressVPN:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Opciones \\u2192 General \\u2192 Conectar al inicio \\u2192 Activar\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Iniciar al arranque \\u2192 Activar\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Surfshark:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Ajustes \\u2192 Autoconectar \\u2192 Activar\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:'Elegir: \"Siempre\" o \"Solo Wi-Fi no seguro\"'}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Opci\\xF3n B: Automatizaci\\xF3n de Atajos de macOS\"}),\" (VPN integrada):\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[\"Aplicaci\\xF3n \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Atajos\"}),\" \\u2192 Crear nuevo atajo\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:'Agregar acci\\xF3n: \"Establecer VPN\" \\u2192 Conectar'}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Seleccionar tu configuraci\\xF3n VPN\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:'Automatizaci\\xF3n \\u2192 Cu\\xE1ndo: \"Cuando el estado de red cambia\"'}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:'Si: \"Conectado a Wi-Fi\"'}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:'Y: \"SSID no es\" (agregar nombre de tu Wi-Fi de casa)'}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Ejecutar atajo\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Opci\\xF3n C: Script LaunchAgent\"}),\" (avanzado):\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(i.Fragment,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.pre,{className:\"shiki shiki-themes github-light github-dark\",style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#24292e\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#e1e4e8\",\"--shiki-light-bg\":\"#fff\",\"--shiki-dark-bg\":\"#24292e\"},tabIndex:\"0\",icon:'<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path d=\"m 4,4 a 1,1 0 0 0 -0.7070312,0.2929687 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.4140625 L 8.5859375,11 3.2929688,16.292969 a 1,1 0 0 0 0,1.414062 1,1 0 0 0 1.4140624,0 l 5.9999998,-6 a 1.0001,1.0001 0 0 0 0,-1.414062 L 4.7070312,4.2929687 A 1,1 0 0 0 4,4 Z m 8,14 a 1,1 0 0 0 -1,1 1,1 0 0 0 1,1 h 8 a 1,1 0 0 0 1,-1 1,1 0 0 0 -1,-1 z\" fill=\"currentColor\" /></svg>',children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.code,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Crear script de autoconexi\\xF3n\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"cat\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\" >\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" ~/vpn-autoconnect.sh\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\" <<\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" 'EOF'\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\"#!/bin/bash\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\"# Obtener SSID Wi-Fi actual\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:`SSID=$(/System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/Apple80211.framework/Versions/Current/Resources/airport -I | grep \" SSID\" | awk '{print $2}')`})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\"# Lista de SSIDs confiables (casa, trabajo)\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:'TRUSTED=(\"MiWiFiCasa\" \"RedOficina\")'})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\"# Verificar si SSID actual es confiable\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:'if [[ ! \" ${TRUSTED[@]} \" =~ \" ${SSID} \" ]]; then'})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\"    # Red no confiable - conectar VPN\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:'    scutil --nc start \"Nombre de tu VPN\"'})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\"fi\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\"EOF\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"chmod\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" +x\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" ~/vpn-autoconnect.sh\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Crear LaunchAgent\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"cat\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\" >\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" ~/Library/LaunchAgents/com.vpn.autoconnect.plist\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#D73A49\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#F97583\"},children:\" <<\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" 'EOF'\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:'<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>'})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:'<!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC \"-//Apple//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN\" \"http://www.apple.com/DTDs/PropertyList-1.0.dtd\">'})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:'<plist version=\"1.0\">'})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\"<dict>\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\"    <key>Label</key>\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\"    <string>com.vpn.autoconnect</string>\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\"    <key>ProgramArguments</key>\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\"    <array>\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\"        <string>/Users/TU_USUARIO/vpn-autoconnect.sh</string>\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\"    </array>\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\"    <key>WatchPaths</key>\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\"    <array>\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\"        <string>/Library/Preferences/SystemConfiguration/com.apple.airport.preferences.plist</string>\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\"    </array>\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\"</dict>\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\"</plist>\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\"EOF\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Reemplazar TU_USUARIO con nombre de usuario real\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"sed\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#005CC5\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#79B8FF\"},children:\" -i\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" ''\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:' \"s/TU_USUARIO/$('}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"whoami\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:')/g\"'}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" ~/Library/LaunchAgents/com.vpn.autoconnect.plist\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6A737D\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#6A737D\"},children:\"# Cargar LaunchAgent\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.span,{className:\"line\",children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#6F42C1\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#B392F0\"},children:\"launchctl\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" load\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.span,{style:{\"--shiki-light\":\"#032F62\",\"--shiki-dark\":\"#9ECBFF\"},children:\" ~/Library/LaunchAgents/com.vpn.autoconnect.plist\"})]})]})})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:\"Ahora VPN se autoconectar\\xE1 cuando te unas a cualquier Wi-Fi excepto los de lista TRUSTED.\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.hr,{}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"P17: \\xBFCu\\xE1l es la diferencia entre una VPN y un proxy?\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"R\"}),\": Las VPNs encriptan todo el tr\\xE1fico; los proxies solo redirigen tr\\xE1fico espec\\xEDfico sin encriptar.\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Tabla comparativa:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.table,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.thead,{children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.tr,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.th,{children:\"Caracter\\xEDstica\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.th,{children:\"VPN\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.th,{children:\"Proxy\"})]})}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.tbody,{children:[(0,i.jsxs)(e.tr,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Encriptaci\\xF3n\"})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"\\u2705 Encriptaci\\xF3n completa\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"\\u274C Sin encriptaci\\xF3n\"})]}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.tr,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Tr\\xE1fico cubierto\"})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"Todo el tr\\xE1fico del sistema\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"Solo espec\\xEDfico de aplicaci\\xF3n\"})]}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.tr,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Direcci\\xF3n IP oculta\"})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"\\u2705 S\\xED\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"\\u2705 S\\xED (solo de sitios web)\"})]}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.tr,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"ISP puede ver\"})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"Solo uso VPN\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"Todo el contenido de tr\\xE1fico\"})]}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.tr,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Velocidad\"})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"M\\xE1s lento (sobrecarga encriptaci\\xF3n)\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"M\\xE1s r\\xE1pido\"})]}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.tr,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Seguridad\"})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"Alta\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"Baja\"})]}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.tr,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Mejor para\"})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"Privacidad, seguridad\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"Solo omitir geobloqueos\"})]}),(0,i.jsxs)(e.tr,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Costo\"})}),(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"$3-10/mes\"}),(0,i.jsx)(e.td,{children:\"Gratuito-$5/mes\"})]})]})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Cu\\xE1ndo usar VPN:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"\\u2705 Seguridad Wi-Fi p\\xFAblico\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"\\u2705 Privacidad de torrents\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"\\u2705 Ocultar toda actividad del ISP\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"\\u2705 Omitir censura\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"\\u2705 Trabajo remoto seguro\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Cu\\xE1ndo proxy es suficiente:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"\\u2705 Acceder contenido geobloqueado (streaming)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"\\u2705 Web scraping\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"\\u2705 Probar geotargeting de sitios web\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"\\u2705 Cambio r\\xE1pido de IP para aplicaci\\xF3n \\xFAnica\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Proxies populares:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Proxies SOCKS5 (mejores que proxies HTTP)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Shadowsocks (proxy China)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Servidor SOCKS Dante (autohospedado)\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.hr,{}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"P18: \\xBFPuedo ejecutar dos VPNs al mismo tiempo (encadenamiento VPN)?\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"R\"}),\": S\\xED, pero complejo y usualmente innecesario.\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"M\\xE9todos:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"M\\xE9todo 1: VPN dentro de VM\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Ejecutar VM macOS (Parallels, VMware Fusion)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Conectar VPN #1 en Mac host\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Conectar VPN #2 dentro de VM\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Tr\\xE1fico de VM va: Tu IP \\u2192 VPN1 \\u2192 VPN2 \\u2192 Internet\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"M\\xE9todo 2: VPN de router + VPN de cliente\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Configurar VPN en router (DD-WRT, OpenWrt)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Conectar Mac a router (todo el tr\\xE1fico a trav\\xE9s de VPN #1)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Conectar aplicaci\\xF3n VPN en Mac (VPN #2)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Tr\\xE1fico va: Tu IP \\u2192 VPN de router \\u2192 VPN de Mac \\u2192 Internet\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"M\\xE9todo 3: Multi-Hop de proveedor\"}),`\nAlgunos proveedores ofrecen multi-hop integrado:`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"ProtonVPN\"}),\": Secure Core (gratuito con Plus)\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Surfshark\"}),\": MultiHop (funci\\xF3n premium)\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"NordVPN\"}),\": Servidores VPN doble\"]}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Por qu\\xE9 probablemente no necesitas esto:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[\"\\u{1F40C} \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Extremadamente lento\"}),\" (60-80% de p\\xE9rdida de velocidad)\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[\"\\u{1F4B8} \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Costoso\"}),\" (necesitas 2 suscripciones)\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[\"\\u{1F937} \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Ganancia de seguridad marginal\"}),\" para la mayor\\xEDa de usuarios\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[\"\\u{1F504} \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Soluci\\xF3n de problemas compleja\"})]}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Cu\\xE1ndo Multi-Hop tiene sentido:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"\\u{1F575}\\uFE0F Periodista/denunciante con amenazas de estado-naci\\xF3n\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"\\u{1F6AB} Omitir detecci\\xF3n avanzada de VPN (China, Ir\\xE1n)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"\\u{1F3AF} Evadir vigilancia dirigida\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Para 99% de usuarios:\"}),\" Una sola VPN confiable (NordVPN, Mullvad, ProtonVPN) es suficiente.\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.hr,{}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"P19: \\xBFC\\xF3mo s\\xE9 si mi proveedor VPN es confiable y no registra mis datos?\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"R\"}),\": Investigar auditor\\xEDas independientes, jurisdicci\\xF3n y historial.\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Lista de verificaci\\xF3n de confiabilidad:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[\"\\u2705 \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Auditor\\xEDa de seguridad independiente\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:'Buscar: \"Pol\\xEDtica de no registro auditada independientemente\"'}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Auditores de buena reputaci\\xF3n: Deloitte, PwC, Cure53, VerSprite\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Ejemplo: NordVPN (auditor\\xEDa PwC 2023), ProtonVPN (auditor\\xEDa SEC Consult)\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[\"\\u2705 \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Jurisdicci\\xF3n fuera de 5/9/14 Eyes\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Evitar\"}),\": US, UK, Australia, Canad\\xE1, NZ (5 Eyes)\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Preferir\"}),\": Suiza, Panam\\xE1, Islas V\\xEDrgenes Brit\\xE1nicas, Rumania\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Ejemplo: ProtonVPN (Suiza), NordVPN (Panam\\xE1), Mullvad (Suecia)\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[\"\\u2705 \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Afirmaci\\xF3n de no registro probada en tribunales\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Proveedor recibi\\xF3 citaci\\xF3n pero no ten\\xEDa registros que proporcionar\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Ejemplo: PIA (2016, caso Rusia), ExpressVPN (2017, caso Turqu\\xEDa)\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[\"\\u2705 \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Cliente de c\\xF3digo abierto\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"C\\xF3digo auditable por investigadores de seguridad\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Ejemplo: Mullvad (c\\xF3digo abierto), ProtonVPN (aplicaciones de c\\xF3digo abierto)\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[\"\\u2705 \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Servidores solo RAM\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Sin datos escritos a discos duros\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Ejemplo: ExpressVPN TrustedServer, infraestructura solo RAM de NordVPN\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[\"\\u2705 \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Acepta pago an\\xF3nimo\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Bitcoin, Monero, efectivo\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Ejemplo: Mullvad (efectivo en sobre), IVPN (cripto)\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[\"\\u2705 \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Propiedad transparente\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Empresa matriz y liderazgo conocidos\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Ejemplo: ProtonVPN (Proton AG), Mullvad (Amagicom AB)\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Se\\xF1ales de alerta:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:'\\u{1F6A9} Ofertas de \"suscripci\\xF3n de por vida\" (negocio insostenible)'}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"\\u{1F6A9} Sin informaci\\xF3n sobre propiedad de empresa\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"\\u{1F6A9} Con sede en China, Rusia, UAE\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"\\u{1F6A9} VPN gratuita (excepto ProtonVPN Free)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"\\u{1F6A9} Pol\\xEDtica de privacidad pobre (lenguaje de registro vago)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"\\u{1F6A9} Sin auditor\\xEDas independientes\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"VPNs m\\xE1s confiables (2025):\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Mullvad\"}),\" - N\\xFAmeros de cuenta an\\xF3nimos, auditado, acepta efectivo\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"ProtonVPN\"}),\" - Jurisdicci\\xF3n suiza, c\\xF3digo abierto, auditado\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"IVPN\"}),\" - Auditado, an\\xF3nimo, transparente\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"NordVPN\"}),\" - Auditado, servidores solo RAM, jurisdicci\\xF3n Panam\\xE1\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Private Internet Access\"}),\" - No registro probado en tribunales\"]}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Nunca usar:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"\\u274C VPNs propiedad de Kape Technologies (pasado cuestionable)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"\\u274C VPNs con sede en Rusia, China, Ir\\xE1n, Turqu\\xEDa\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"\\u274C VPNs gratuitas (excepto ProtonVPN Free)\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.hr,{}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"P20: \\xBFUna VPN me proteger\\xE1 de malware y hackers?\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"R\"}),\": \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Protecci\\xF3n limitada\"}),\" - VPNs encriptan tr\\xE1fico pero no bloquean malware.\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Lo que VPN S\\xCD protege:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[\"\\u2705 \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Ataques Man-in-the-Middle (MITM)\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"En Wi-Fi p\\xFAblico, previene espionaje\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Encripta tr\\xE1fico entre t\\xFA y servidor VPN\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[\"\\u2705 \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Espionaje de ISP\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Oculta tu navegaci\\xF3n del proveedor de internet\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Previene venta de datos de ISP\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[\"\\u2705 \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Ataques basados en IP\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Oculta IP real, previniendo DDoS en tu IP de casa\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Protege de geolocalizaci\\xF3n IP\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Lo que VPN NO protege:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[\"\\u274C \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Malware/Virus\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"VPN no escanea archivos ni detecta malware\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[\"Usar: \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Malwarebytes\"}),\", \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"ClamAV\"}),\", o \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"macOS XProtect\"})]}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[\"\\u274C \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Ataques de phishing\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"VPN no detecta sitios web falsos\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[\"Usar: \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Funciones de seguridad del navegador\"}),\", \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"gestor de contrase\\xF1as\"})]}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[\"\\u274C \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Hackeo de cuentas\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"VPN no protege contrase\\xF1as d\\xE9biles\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[\"Usar: \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Contrase\\xF1as \\xFAnicas fuertes\"}),\", \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"2FA/MFA\"})]}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[\"\\u274C \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Rastreo/cookies del navegador\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"VPN no bloquea rastreadores\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[\"Usar: \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"uBlock Origin\"}),\", \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Privacy Badger\"}),\", \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"navegador Brave\"})]}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[\"\\u274C \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Secuestro DNS\"}),\" (si VPN no est\\xE1 configurada correctamente)\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Asegurar que DNS de VPN realmente se use\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[\"Probar: \",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:\"https://www.dnsleaktest.com/\",children:\"https://www.dnsleaktest.com/\"})]}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Stack completo de privacidad/seguridad:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Capa 1: Seguridad de red (VPN)\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"VPN\"}),\": NordVPN, ProtonVPN, o Mullvad\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Protege: Encriptaci\\xF3n de tr\\xE1fico, ocultamiento IP\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Capa 2: Protecci\\xF3n contra malware\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Malwarebytes Premium\"}),\" ($45/a\\xF1o)\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[\"O \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"ClamAV\"}),\" (gratuito, c\\xF3digo abierto)\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Protege: Malware, ransomware, adware\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Capa 3: Firewall/monitoreo de red\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Little Snitch\"}),\" ($45, monitor de red)\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[\"O \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"LuLu\"}),\" (gratuito, c\\xF3digo abierto, firewall b\\xE1sico)\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Protege: Control de conexi\\xF3n saliente\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Capa 4: Privacidad del navegador\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Extensiones\"}),\": uBlock Origin, Privacy Badger\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Navegador\"}),\": Brave o Firefox + refuerzo\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Protege: Rastreo, anuncios, fingerprinting\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Capa 5: Seguridad de contrase\\xF1as\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"1Password\"}),\" ($36/a\\xF1o) o \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Bitwarden\"}),\" (gratuito)\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Yubikey\"}),\" para 2FA ($25-50)\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Protege: Seguridad de cuenta, phishing\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Capa 6: Seguridad DNS\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"NextDNS\"}),\" (nivel gratuito) o \",(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"AdGuard DNS\"})]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"DNS encriptado (DoH/DoT)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Protege: Rastreo a nivel DNS, dominios de malware\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Costo para stack completo:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Opci\\xF3n gratuita: ~$45/a\\xF1o (VPN + Malwarebytes)\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Opci\\xF3n premium: ~$150/a\\xF1o (todas las capas cubiertas)\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.p,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Recomendaci\\xF3n:\"}),\" Comenzar con VPN + Malwarebytes + uBlock Origin (total: $90/a\\xF1o) para 80% de protecci\\xF3n.\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.h2,{id:\"conclusi\\xF3n-dominar-la-soluci\\xF3n-de-problemas-de-vpn-en-macos\",children:\"Conclusi\\xF3n: Dominar la soluci\\xF3n de problemas de VPN en macOS\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:\"Los problemas de conectividad VPN en macOS Tahoe 26 surgen de cambios fundamentales de plataforma que priorizan seguridad sobre compatibilidad de protocolos heredados. Comprender estos cambios arquitect\\xF3nicos\\u2014depreciaciones de protocolos, refuerzo de validaci\\xF3n de certificados y sandboxing de Network Extension\\u2014permite resoluci\\xF3n sistem\\xE1tica de problemas en lugar de soluci\\xF3n de problemas por prueba y error.\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Conclusiones clave:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ol,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"La selecci\\xF3n de protocolo importa\"}),\": WireGuard ofrece rendimiento y seguridad \\xF3ptimos en macOS Tahoe 26, con IKEv2 como alternativa confiable\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Filtraciones DNS son comunes\"}),\": 41% de configuraciones VPN predeterminadas filtran consultas IPv6 o DNS; verificaci\\xF3n y refuerzo esenciales\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"VPNs corporativas requieren actualizaciones\"}),\": Implementaciones empresariales necesitan versiones de cliente espec\\xEDficamente compatibles con requisitos de seguridad de Tahoe 26\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Conflictos de iCloud Private Relay\"}),\": Conflictos de enrutamiento a nivel del sistema hacen imposible operaci\\xF3n simult\\xE1nea de VPN y Private Relay\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Optimizaci\\xF3n MTU cr\\xEDtica\"}),\": Tama\\xF1o MTU correcto previene 30-50% de degradaci\\xF3n de velocidad por fragmentaci\\xF3n de paquetes\"]}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Enfoque sistem\\xE1tico de soluci\\xF3n de problemas:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Nivel 1\"}),\": Correcciones de emergencia (5 minutos) - Reinicio de red, desactivaci\\xF3n Private Relay, cambio de protocolo\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Nivel 2\"}),\": Optimizaci\\xF3n de protocolo y configuraci\\xF3n (15 minutos) - Refuerzo DNS, desactivaci\\xF3n IPv6, ajuste MTU\"]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.li,{children:[(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"Nivel 3\"}),\": Depuraci\\xF3n a nivel del sistema (30+ minutos) - An\\xE1lisis de logs, captura de paquetes, restablecimiento completo de red\"]}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsx)(e.strong,{children:\"\\xC9xito de VPN a largo plazo:\"})}),`\n`,(0,i.jsxs)(e.ul,{children:[`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Mantener versiones actuales de cliente VPN compatibles con \\xFAltimas actualizaciones de macOS\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Verificar protecci\\xF3n contra filtraci\\xF3n DNS despu\\xE9s de cada actualizaci\\xF3n del sistema macOS\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Documentar configuraciones funcionales para escenarios de reversi\\xF3n de VPN corporativa\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.li,{children:\"Monitorear anuncios de proveedores para actualizaciones de compatibilidad espec\\xEDficas de Tahoe\"}),`\n`]}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:\"El panorama de VPN en macOS en 2025 recompensa la selecci\\xF3n reflexiva de protocolos y gesti\\xF3n proactiva de configuraci\\xF3n. Los usuarios que implementan estrategias completas de soluci\\xF3n de problemas mientras se mantienen actualizados con mejores pr\\xE1cticas de seguridad logran conectividad VPN confiable y de alto rendimiento en todas las configuraciones de macOS Tahoe 26.\"}),`\n`,(0,i.jsx)(e.p,{children:(0,i.jsxs)(e.em,{children:[\"\\xBFNecesitas ayuda con otros problemas de conectividad de macOS? Explora nuestras gu\\xEDas completas sobre \",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:\"/blog/macos-tahoe-troubleshooting-guide-complete-solutions\",children:\"soluci\\xF3n de problemas general\"}),\", \",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:\"/blog/macos-tahoe-continuity-sync-troubleshooting-complete-guide-2025\",children:\"problemas de conectividad\"}),\", y \",(0,i.jsx)(e.a,{href:\"/blog/macos-tahoe-performance-analysis-complete-benchmark-review-2025\",children:\"optimizaci\\xF3n de rendimiento\"}),\" para m\\xE1ximo rendimiento del sistema.\"]})})]})}function o(n={}){let{wrapper:e}=n.components||{};return e?(0,i.jsx)(e,{...n,children:(0,i.jsx)(t,{...n})}):t(n)}return N(v);})();\n;return Component;","toc":[{"title":"Resumen ejecutivo: Problemas de VPN en macOS en 2025","url":"#resumen-ejecutivo-problemas-de-vpn-en-macos-en-2025","depth":2},{"title":"Por qué fallan las VPNs en macOS Tahoe 26","url":"#por-qué-fallan-las-vpns-en-macos-tahoe-26","depth":3},{"title":"Comprensión crítica: Las causas raíz","url":"#comprensión-crítica-las-causas-raíz","depth":3},{"title":"Metodología de pruebas y cobertura","url":"#metodología-de-pruebas-y-cobertura","depth":3},{"title":"Parte 1: Guía de diagnóstico rápido - Identifica tu problema de VPN","url":"#parte-1-guía-de-diagnóstico-rápido---identifica-tu-problema-de-vpn","depth":2},{"title":"Identificación de problemas basada en síntomas","url":"#identificación-de-problemas-basada-en-síntomas","depth":3},{"title":"Triaje rápido: Soluciones de emergencia de 5 minutos","url":"#triaje-rápido-soluciones-de-emergencia-de-5-minutos","depth":3},{"title":"Cuándo saltar a soluciones avanzadas","url":"#cuándo-saltar-a-soluciones-avanzadas","depth":3},{"title":"Parte 2: VPN no conecta - Soluciones completas de fallo de conexión","url":"#parte-2-vpn-no-conecta---soluciones-completas-de-fallo-de-conexión","depth":2},{"title":"Problema 2.1: \"Conexión fallida\" sin detalles de error","url":"#problema-21-conexión-fallida-sin-detalles-de-error","depth":3},{"title":"Problema 2.2: \"Autenticación fallida\" a pesar de credenciales correctas","url":"#problema-22-autenticación-fallida-a-pesar-de-credenciales-correctas","depth":3},{"title":"Problema 2.3: VPN conecta y luego se desconecta inmediatamente","url":"#problema-23-vpn-conecta-y-luego-se-desconecta-inmediatamente","depth":3},{"title":"Problema 2.4: VPN atascada en \"Conectando...\" indefinidamente","url":"#problema-24-vpn-atascada-en-conectando-indefinidamente","depth":3},{"title":"Parte 3: VPN desconectándose cada 15-30 segundos - Soluciones de estabilidad","url":"#parte-3-vpn-desconectándose-cada-15-30-segundos---soluciones-de-estabilidad","depth":2},{"title":"Comprensión de patrones de desconexión","url":"#comprensión-de-patrones-de-desconexión","depth":3},{"title":"Solución 3.1: Corregir timeouts de keepalive (desconexiones de intervalo regular)","url":"#solución-31-corregir-timeouts-de-keepalive-desconexiones-de-intervalo-regular","depth":3},{"title":"Solución 3.2: Corregir problemas de tamaño MTU (desconexiones durante alto ancho de banda)","url":"#solución-32-corregir-problemas-de-tamaño-mtu-desconexiones-durante-alto-ancho-de-banda","depth":3},{"title":"Solución 3.3: Corregir desconexiones por roaming de red inalámbrica","url":"#solución-33-corregir-desconexiones-por-roaming-de-red-inalámbrica","depth":3},{"title":"Solución 3.4: Corregir desconexiones por timeout NAT","url":"#solución-34-corregir-desconexiones-por-timeout-nat","depth":3},{"title":"Parte 4: Sin acceso a internet cuando VPN conectada","url":"#parte-4-sin-acceso-a-internet-cuando-vpn-conectada","depth":2},{"title":"Problema 4.1: Pérdida completa de internet después de conexión VPN","url":"#problema-41-pérdida-completa-de-internet-después-de-conexión-vpn","depth":3},{"title":"Problema 4.2: Puede acceder a IPs pero no a nombres de dominio (fallo DNS)","url":"#problema-42-puede-acceder-a-ips-pero-no-a-nombres-de-dominio-fallo-dns","depth":3},{"title":"Problema 4.3: Recursos de red local inaccesibles (se necesita split tunneling)","url":"#problema-43-recursos-de-red-local-inaccesibles-se-necesita-split-tunneling","depth":3},{"title":"Parte 5: Prevención de filtración DNS y configuración","url":"#parte-5-prevención-de-filtración-dns-y-configuración","depth":2},{"title":"Comprensión de filtraciones DNS","url":"#comprensión-de-filtraciones-dns","depth":3},{"title":"Pruebas de filtración DNS","url":"#pruebas-de-filtración-dns","depth":3},{"title":"Solución 5.1: Prevención completa de filtración IPv6","url":"#solución-51-prevención-completa-de-filtración-ipv6","depth":3},{"title":"Solución 5.2: Forzar DNS de VPN exclusivamente","url":"#solución-52-forzar-dns-de-vpn-exclusivamente","depth":3},{"title":"Solución 5.3: Prevención de filtración WebRTC","url":"#solución-53-prevención-de-filtración-webrtc","depth":3},{"title":"Solución 5.4: Prevenir secuestro de proxy DNS transparente","url":"#solución-54-prevenir-secuestro-de-proxy-dns-transparente","depth":3},{"title":"Parte 6: Optimización de velocidad VPN en macOS","url":"#parte-6-optimización-de-velocidad-vpn-en-macos","depth":2},{"title":"Comprensión de pérdida de velocidad VPN","url":"#comprensión-de-pérdida-de-velocidad-vpn","depth":3},{"title":"Metodología de prueba de velocidad","url":"#metodología-de-prueba-de-velocidad","depth":3},{"title":"Solución 6.1: Optimización de protocolo","url":"#solución-61-optimización-de-protocolo","depth":3},{"title":"Solución 6.2: Optimización de selección de servidor","url":"#solución-62-optimización-de-selección-de-servidor","depth":3},{"title":"Solución 6.3: Optimización MTU para máxima velocidad","url":"#solución-63-optimización-mtu-para-máxima-velocidad","depth":3},{"title":"Solución 6.4: Reducir sobrecarga de encriptación (cuando la seguridad lo permita)","url":"#solución-64-reducir-sobrecarga-de-encriptación-cuando-la-seguridad-lo-permita","depth":3},{"title":"Solución 6.5: Desactivar funciones VPN innecesarias","url":"#solución-65-desactivar-funciones-vpn-innecesarias","depth":3},{"title":"Solución 6.6: Optimizaciones de rendimiento específicas de macOS","url":"#solución-66-optimizaciones-de-rendimiento-específicas-de-macos","depth":3},{"title":"Parte 7: Soluciones de VPN corporativa y empresarial","url":"#parte-7-soluciones-de-vpn-corporativa-y-empresarial","depth":2},{"title":"Comprensión de desafíos de VPN corporativa","url":"#comprensión-de-desafíos-de-vpn-corporativa","depth":3},{"title":"Solución 7.1: Problemas de Cisco AnyConnect","url":"#solución-71-problemas-de-cisco-anyconnect","depth":3},{"title":"Solución 7.2: Problemas de VPN Fortinet FortiClient","url":"#solución-72-problemas-de-vpn-fortinet-forticlient","depth":3},{"title":"Solución 7.3: Problemas de Palo Alto GlobalProtect","url":"#solución-73-problemas-de-palo-alto-globalprotect","depth":3},{"title":"Solución 7.4: Problemas de SonicWall Mobile Connect","url":"#solución-74-problemas-de-sonicwall-mobile-connect","depth":3},{"title":"Solución 7.5: Azure VPN / Microsoft Always On VPN","url":"#solución-75-azure-vpn--microsoft-always-on-vpn","depth":3},{"title":"Solución 7.6: WireGuard para uso corporativo","url":"#solución-76-wireguard-para-uso-corporativo","depth":3},{"title":"Parte 8: Conflictos de firewall y software de seguridad","url":"#parte-8-conflictos-de-firewall-y-software-de-seguridad","depth":2},{"title":"Problema 8.1: Little Snitch bloqueando VPN","url":"#problema-81-little-snitch-bloqueando-vpn","depth":3},{"title":"Problema 8.2: Firewall integrado de macOS bloqueando VPN","url":"#problema-82-firewall-integrado-de-macos-bloqueando-vpn","depth":3},{"title":"Problema 8.3: Software antivirus interfiriendo","url":"#problema-83-software-antivirus-interfiriendo","depth":3},{"title":"Parte 9: Decodificador de mensajes de error y soluciones","url":"#parte-9-decodificador-de-mensajes-de-error-y-soluciones","depth":2},{"title":"Mensajes de error VPN comunes","url":"#mensajes-de-error-vpn-comunes","depth":3},{"title":"Parte 10: Técnicas avanzadas de solución de problemas","url":"#parte-10-técnicas-avanzadas-de-solución-de-problemas","depth":2},{"title":"Técnica 10.1: Análisis de captura de paquetes","url":"#técnica-101-análisis-de-captura-de-paquetes","depth":3},{"title":"Técnica 10.2: Análisis de logs del sistema","url":"#técnica-102-análisis-de-logs-del-sistema","depth":3},{"title":"Técnica 10.3: Restablecer todos los ajustes de red (opción nuclear)","url":"#técnica-103-restablecer-todos-los-ajustes-de-red-opción-nuclear","depth":3},{"title":"Técnica 10.4: Probar con red alternativa","url":"#técnica-104-probar-con-red-alternativa","depth":3},{"title":"Parte 11: Solución de problemas específica del proveedor","url":"#parte-11-solución-de-problemas-específica-del-proveedor","depth":2},{"title":"Problemas de NordVPN en macOS","url":"#problemas-de-nordvpn-en-macos","depth":3},{"title":"Problemas de ExpressVPN en macOS","url":"#problemas-de-expressvpn-en-macos","depth":3},{"title":"Problemas de Surfshark en macOS","url":"#problemas-de-surfshark-en-macos","depth":3},{"title":"Problemas de Private Internet Access (PIA)","url":"#problemas-de-private-internet-access-pia","depth":3},{"title":"Problemas de ProtonVPN en macOS","url":"#problemas-de-protonvpn-en-macos","depth":3},{"title":"Parte 12: Preguntas frecuentes (FAQ)","url":"#parte-12-preguntas-frecuentes-faq","depth":2},{"title":"Conclusión: Dominar la solución de problemas de VPN en macOS","url":"#conclusión-dominar-la-solución-de-problemas-de-vpn-en-macos","depth":2}],"estimatedTime":68}